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KEEPING IN CONDITION 

A HANDBOOK ON TRAINING FOR OLDER BOYS 



THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

NKW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO DALLAS 
ATLANTA SAN FRANCISCO 

MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED 

LONDON BOMBAY CALCUTTA 
MELBOURNE 

THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD 

TORONTO 




Photo by Chappel, Philadelphia. 

THE RELAY RUNNER 

A well-proportioned youth in position for the relay. Reproduction 
of a bronze figure by Dr. R. Tait McKenzie of the University of 
Pennsylvania. Used through the courtesy of Dr. McKenzie. 







KEEPING IN CONDITION 

A HANDBOOK ON TRAINING 
FOR OLDER BOYS 



BY 

HARRY H. MOORE 



WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY 

CLARK W. HETHERINGTON, Ph.D. 

PROFESSOR OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 



ILLUSTRATED 



Nefo 

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 
1916 

All rights reserved 



COPYBIQHT, 1915, 
BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. 



Set up and electrotyped. Published October, 1913. 
Reprinted October, 1915; July, 1916. 



Korfnooto 

J. 8. Gushing Co. Berwick & Smith Co. 
Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. 



PREFACE 

MOST youths of fourteen to eighteen years of 
age are ambitious to be strong and clean and 
vigorous. If a high standard of manhood 
is constantly before them, they will strive 

o earnestly to achieve the qualities of man- 

( hood therein represented. They are eager 

for information which will explain how they 

| may get their bodies into the best possible 

r* physical condition, how they may keep fit. 

While considerable material on athletic train- 

ing, personal hygiene, and sex hygiene is 

^ now being published in books and maga- 
zines, no one has yet brought together in 
concise form for adolescent boys all the essen- 

tials of training for manhood. 



This little book is an attempt to set up an 
]> ideal of vigorous manhood and to supply the 
youth with the necessary information for its 
achievement. 



vi PREFACE 

The author is indebted to many friends 
for much generous aid. He is especially 
grateful to President William T. Foster and 
Professor Norman F. Coleman of Reed Col- 
lege, and to Professor Carl Kelsey of the 
University of Pennsylvania for help in revising 
the manuscript. Others, too numerous to men- 
tion, members of the Executive Committee 
of The Oregon Social Hygiene Society, mem- 
bers of the faculties of Reed College and other 
institutions, secretaries of The Young Men's 
Christian Association, and High School boys 
all have helped. If the book proves use- 
ful, it will be due to the generous aid of 

these friends. 

H. H. M. 

REED COLLEGE, PORTLAND, OREGON, 
July, 1915. 



INTRODUCTION 

THIS book gives boys a practical guide for 
training in its larger sense of training for man- 
hood. The essentials involved in training 
exercise, fresh air, diet, rest, and " the control 
of inner force " are interestingly explained 
and the fact emphasized that all of these essen- 
tials, not one or two of them, are necessary 
for real success. But Mr. Moore goes further 
and presents to boys, interested in their per- 
sonal development and power, the method of 
realizing their manhood and the relation of 
this training to racial and national welfare. 

The adult uses his physical, mental, and 
moral powers to make a living, to enter into 
social relationships with his fellow men, to 
carry on civic and political enterprises, to 
gain a deeper insight into the problems of the 
world, to find pleasure in recreation, and, above 



viii INTRODUCTION 

all, to care for his family if he has one. These 
are the functions of the grown man, but the 
boy has a function more fundamental than 
any of these and in that sense more important. 
This function is revealed by his interest in 
manly physical exercises and achievements. 
While freed from the larger responsibilities 
of adult life, it is the function of the boy to 
develop the powers that will be used in adult 
activities, such as vital and nervous energy, 
skill, will power, and courage. His interest in 
expending, or craving to expend, a large share 
of his energies in physical achievement is 
Nature's method of securing his development. 
This development cannot be secured after 
maturity. At maturity the gates of all the 
more fundamental forms of education are 
closed. The adult can only conserve the 
powers his youth has given him. 

There is yet a larger meaning to this ideal 
of training for manhood. It is related to our 
national progress and welfare. The realiza- 
tion that he is a link in the chain of heredity 



INTRODUCTION ix 

must appeal to every boy. Through parents, 
grandparents, and great-grandparents he is 
linked to the past, clear back to the beginning, 
and he has the opportunity to be linked to the 
future through possible children and children's 
children, on to the end of time. His body, 
as Mr. Moore shows, is a trust, and his right 
to use his capacity to give life depends upon 
his conservation of his trust and upon his self- 
mastery ; for the race must not suffer from the 
misuse of his energies or impulses. Those to 
whom he may give life in the future have a 
right to the vigor, steady nerves, and clear 
brain of a wise ancestor. In making this fact 
clear, the author connects the boy's ideal for 
himself with the racial idea. 

Many boys feel that the good old days of 
adventure and achievement of personal glory 
are no more. For the crude and untrained, 
they are past ; but for the boy who develops 
the highest vigor, the strongest nerves, the 
clearest brain, and the steadiest moral courage 
there never was a time in the history of the 



x INTRODUCTION 

world so full of opportunities for achievement. 
Every city and town offers its Golden Fleece 
in the form of some civic achievement that 
requires a finer type of courage and effort than 
that put forth by the Argonauts. 

For parents and teachers this book is timely 
and suggestive. It shifts a large part of sex 
hygiene from a position of awkward isolation 
to its natural place as a phase of an idealized 
yet practical program of training a train- 
ing in which the boy's interests and enthu- 
siasms are high. It points the way to a pro- 
gram of training now used by many expert 
leaders of boys to relieve them of the sex 
excitation and temptations which Jane Addams 
characterizes so clearly as part of the dangers 
of our present-day social life. 

The boy lives in the enthusiasms of his 
daily experiences and achievements; he ex- 
presses impulses and emotions, and molds 
them into character habits. Whether the 
impulses and emotions are morally good or 
bad depends upon the ideas and ideals that 



INTRODUCTION xi 

control their expression. These ideas and 
ideals leadership must supply. It is the func- 
tion of adult leadership to attach the ideal of 
training for manhood to the boy's enthusiasm 
in daily achievement. In this ideal of train- 
ing to build a life, the parent's or teacher's 
enthusiasm may match the boy's enthusiasm 
and guide it into high and efficient effort. 

CLARK W. HETHERINGTON. 

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, MADISON, 
May 8, 1915. 



CONTENTS 



PA.SE 

PREFACE v 

INTRODUCTION vii 

CHAPTER I. TRAINING AND VIRILITY .... 1 

What virility means 3 

Conservation of virility 5 

Examples of virility 6 

CHAPTER II. FIVE ESSENTIALS IN SUCCESSFUL TRAIN- 
ING 15 

Wise exercise 17 

The best exercises 17 

Excessive exercising 19 

Posture 20 

The bath . 21 

Rubdowns 23 

Fresh air 24 

Results with fresh air 26 

How to provide fresh air 26 

^Sufficient rest 29 

Effects of insufficient rest 29 

Reserve strength 31 

Sufficient rest profitable 32 

xiii 



xiv CONTENTS 

pA.ex 

Wholesome food 32 

Fads 34 

What to eat 34 

What not to eat 35 

Coffee 36 

Alcohol and tobacco 37 

Slow eating 38 

Judgment 39 

The control of internal force 42 

The development of the boy into the man . . 43 

A danger to avoid 47 

Relation of mind to virility 48 

Patience in training 51 

Summary 51 

CHAPTER III. DANGERS TO VIRILITY .... 54 

Tuberculosis 55 

Colds 56 

Typhoid Fever 58 

Constipation 59 

Venereal diseases 62 

Worry 66 

Emissions 67 

Cautions 69 

Local irritation 70 

Varicocele 70 

Quack doctors 71 

Pimples 72 

Drugs 72 

Throat, eye, and teeth disorders 73 



CONTENTS xv 

PAGE 

CHAPTER IV. TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS . . 77 

The reproduction of life 79 

Reproduction in plant life ..... 86 

Reproduction in animal life 88 

Reproduction in human life 90 

The transmission of characteristics .... 92 

Characteristics already in the family ... 92 

Possibilities of damaging the family stock . . 94 

The transmission of standards of living . . 95 

The control of the sex instinct 96 

The fight for control 99 

Attitude towards womanhood .... 103 

CHAPTER V. TRAINING AND NATIONAL PROGRESS . 107 

National dangers call for virile men .... 107 
The relation of training to these problems . . .112 

Various types of service 114 

Choosing a vocation ....... 122 

The need of the hour 123 

SELECTED BOOKS 127 

NOTES . .... 135 



ILLUSTRATIONS 

The Relay Runner Frontispiece 

FACING PAGE 

Climbing a Snow-covered Mountain Peak . . 12 

Finish of a Race 20 

An Appetizing Meal ...... 34 

Sleeping on a Roof 56 

A Refreshing Form of Exercise .... 68 

Shooting a Rapids 102 

A Worker in the Cotton Mills 108 



xvli 



KEEPING IN CONDITION 

A HANDBOOK ON TRAINING 
FOR OLDER BOYS 

CHAPTER I 

TRAINING AND VIRILITY 

To be in training, to get the body into the 
best possible physical condition, to keep fit, 
is the natural ambition of every youth. A 
well-developed, well-proportioned human body 
is a thing of beauty and an inspiration. It is 
a marvelous organism, superior to any machine 
which ever has been or ever can be invented. 
It is a delicately adjusted organism, yet it will 
stand severe strain, a hard football game, a 
heavy day's work if it be kept in good con- 
dition. 

By specialized, intensive training a man may 
become a great baseball player, football player, 



KEEPING IN CONDITION 

or a record breaker in the hundred yard dash. 
But the custom of training continuously for 
a few months each year for football, track and 
field work, baseball, tennis, or other sport is 
short sighted, compared with the custom of 
training for manhood. A wiser way is to keep 
in the best possible condition all the time. The 
thing to be achieved is that excellent condition 
known as fitness fitness for athletics, for 
work, for any task which a man may be called 
upon to perform. 1 

So to keep in condition does not necessitate 
continuous, intensive, and specialized training, 

such as may cause a man to become " stale " 

i 
or overtrained. It need not mean a rigid 

diet, from which there can be no variation, 
day after day, and month after month. It 
does not necessarily require a certain hour for 
retiring year in and year out. It does mean 
the selection of those factors in every day life 
which make for the best possible physical and 
mental health and the rejection of those factors 
which tend to prevent one from achieving com- 



TRAINING AND VIRILITY 3 

plete health. Training for manhood involves 
\the development and conservation of virility. 

Every normal youth is ambitious to have 
virility. He would rather have full virility 
than a million dollars. At least this is true 
if he understands all that virility means. 

What Virility Means. By virility is meant 
manhood in a complete sense. It is made 
up of at least six qualities. Of course it in- 
cludes strength of muscle, not necessarily big 
muscle, but muscle that will do any work 
one may have for it, whether it be hiking, 
wrestling, or pitching grain in the field. Quality 
of muscle rather than quantity is desirable. 
There is such a v thing as having too much 
muscle. John L. Sullivan is said to have had 
so much muscle that he could not reach the 
collar button at the back of his neck. San- 
dow, famous for his great muscular strength, 
was unusually slow and inaccurate in using 
his body. 

While strong muscle is important, a con- 
siderable number of men who have built up 



4 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

tremendously strong muscles on the outside 
of their bodies have " lost out " in competi- 
tion, because they have lacked inner qualities 
of virility. 2 One of these inner qualities may 
be shown by comparing two runners. They 
may be placed side by side in track suits, sub- 
mitted to various strength tests and meas- 
urements, and apparently be of equal strength. 
But placed together on a mile course, one man 
shows himself weaker than the other. At 
the end of the first half mile he becomes 
exhausted and has to quit. He lacks staying 
quality, or reserve force. The other possesses 
this quality and finishes in good condition. 
This quality is called endurance. 

A third quality is energy. Without it, a 
man is lazy. Unless he be exceptionally 
strong in other particulars to compensate 
for this almost inexcusable weakness, his 
school has no use for him in baseball, basket- 
ball, or track and field athletics. Energy 
means activity, and activity results in the 
development of one's powers. 



TRAINING AND VIRILITY 5 

Two other qualities of great importance in 
after life are sometimes demonstrated at 
critical moments in athletics. At such times, 
one player, muscular, energetic, and enduring 
though he may be, seems helpless. Another 
player, calm and determined, meets the emer- 
gency and wins victory for his team. He 
shows self-control and will power, two other 
qualities necessary to virility. 

Courage, the last quality, is shown at 
moments of great peril. It is a quality which 
may not be conspicuous every day. Yet it 
gives a man power not possessed by the man 
without it. When cowards, more concerned for 
themselves than for the welfare of their friends, 
retreat to positions of safety, the man of 
courage will risk life itself for friends and honor. 

At least six qualities, then, are necessary 
to those of us who would be virile strong 
muscle, endurance, energy, courage, self-con- 
trol, and will power. 

Conservation of Virility. In earlier times 
it was assumed that there was in the United 



6 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

States an inexhaustible supply of timber, 
coal, metals, and other forms of natural wealth, 
and for years millions of dollars' worth of 
these resources were wasted. Now it is 
realized that this wealth is limited, and any 
waste in its use is condemned. The conser- 
vation movement is a protest against waste, 
and is based on the idea of saving for future 
use. 

If, in the development of the nation, it is 
important to conserve our natural resources, 
it is much more important to conserve the 
great vital forces in human life, especially the 
vital forces of youth. Those things which 
waste the strength and energies of youth are 
to be regarded as much greater dangers to the 
welfare of the nation than business activities 
which endanger our forests, soil, mines, and 
water power. He who trains for manhood 
conserves the great vital forces in human life. 

Examples of Virility. Most men of recent 
years and of the past who have won great 
records in athletics and who, by their intel- 



TRAINING AND VIRILITY 7 

lectual powers and physical abilities, have 
rendered great service in the world's work 
have possessed these six qualities of virility. 

Walter Johnson, who was the star pitcher 
of the Washington baseball team in 1913 and 
1914, combines self-control and will power with 
energy, muscular strength, and endurance. 
During the 1913 season he won more victories 
than any other pitcher in the American 
League. He holds several records, such as 
striking out the most men in a season, throw- 
ing a ball at the rate of 122 feet a second, and 
pitching 56 consecutive innings without being 
scored on. Johnson keeps in condition by 
taking scrupulous care of his body. He does 
not smoke, notwithstanding reports to the 
contrary. A boy, who admires him more 
than any other man on this earth, recently 
said, " It's not what he says, it's what he is." 
Modern baseball requires men who train and 
develop strong bodies and alert minds. 3 

Henry Ward Camp, who rowed with Yale 
in the great Quinsigamond Regatta in 1859, 



8 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

was such a man. The first day Harvard won, 
but Camp insisted that Yale should row the 
next day, when, thanks to him, defeat gave 
place to victory. A friend writes of his 
" singular physical beauty his handsome 
face, his manly bearing, and his glorious 
strength." He continues, " I well remember, 
while at college, riding out one day with a 
classmate of his, and passing him as, erect 
and light of foot, he strode lustily up a long 
hill, and the enthusiasm with which my com- 
rade pronounced this eulogy, * There's Henry 
Camp, a perfect man, who never did anything 
to hurt his body or his soul ! ' 

William Holabird, Jr., who became a great 
golf player at the age of eighteen, was also a 
man of virility. The Golfers' Magazine writes 
of him, " While chiefly known to the public 
as a golfer, he was catcher on the school base- 
ball team, half back on the eleven, held the 
gold medal for the inter-class track meet, and, 
in fact, excelled in all athletic sports." He 
was " tall in stature and muscled like a Greek 



TRAINING AND VIRILITY 9 

god, with clear-cut, delicate, refined, and 
manly features." 5 

President Emeritus Eliot of Harvard Uni- 
versity has been able to maintain a high 
standard of health, and, at the age of eighty, 
is now capable of remarkably efficient work. 
He writes that, as a boy, his diet was simple 
and that he had exercise in the open air every 
day, and two months of out-of-door life in the 
country or by the sea every summer. His 
exercise consisted of rowing, fishing, horse- 
back riding, and walking. He was active 
also in carpentering and wood turning. While 
in college he took gymnasium work, boxed, 
and rowed with the crew. His chief exercise 
was walking. 6 As the President of a great 
university and as a citizen, he has shown 
energy, determination, and courage. He felt 
it necessary on one occasion publicly to pro- 
test against certain acts of labor unionism. 
This action brought upon him vigorous criti- 
cism from labor leaders. His life was 
threatened. Hundreds of antagonistic men 



10 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

gathered, but he went into the midst of them. 
His courage aroused their admiration. In- 
stead of expressing their displeasure, they ap- 
plauded vigorously. Dr. Eliot is wise and fair 
and has been able to help the cause of union 
labor. In various capacities he has rendered 
to the nation services of inestimable value. 

Lincoln is one of the greatest examples of 
virility that our nation has produced. In his 
youth and early manhood he repeatedly per- 
formed various tasks showing fine quality of 
muscle, wonderful endurance, great energy, 
high courage, and strong will power. As a 
youth he wrestled, jumped, ran races, and 
walked long distances. He could " strike 
with a maul heavier blows " and " sink an 
ax deeper into the wood " than anybody else 
in the community. A friend said of him, " If 
you heard him fellin' trees in a clearin' you 
would say that there was three men at work 
by the way the trees fell." He could out-lift, 
out-work, and out-wrestle any man with 
whom he came in contact. On one occasion, 



TRAINING AND VIRILITY 11 

he exercised his ingenuity and courage and 
saved three men who were in danger of drown- 
ing. On another occasion, the champion of a 
neighboring community was matched against 
him in a wrestling bout. Neither man seemed 
to be able to throw the other off his feet, and 
the champion tried to foul. Lincoln no sooner 
realized the game of his antagonist than, 
furious with indignation, he caught him by the 
throat, and, holding him out at arm's length, 
shook him as he would a child. 7 

Captain Robert F. Scott, who reached the 
South Pole January 17, 1912, gave the world 
a wonderful record of determination, endur- 
ance, and courage. Though starting on his 
expedition with a complete equipment and 
a large crew of men, as he and his comrades 
advanced south they were forced to leave 
behind, not only the less vigorous members of 
the party, but motor sleds, dogs, and ponies. 
In making the last 120 miles, he and his four 
final companions had to haul the great sledge 
upon which they carried their provisions. 



12 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

At the pole, they found that Amundsen, the 
Norwegian explorer, had arrived there only a 
month earlier. " It is a terrible disappoint- 
ment," Scott wrote in his record, " and I 
am very sorry for my loyal companions." 
But, with magnanimous spirit, they photo- 
graphed Amundsen's tent with the Norwegian 
flag at the pole, thus themselves giving to the 
world a record and a proof of their rival's 
previous discovery. 

On their return they met difficulties and 
hardships almost unendurable. With over 
nine hundred miles between themselves and 
safety, they pressed on day after day, week 
after week, in the face of discouraging acci- 
dents, limited rations and fuel, snow blind- 
ness, severe cold ranging from 20 to 43 
below zero, and piercing, penetrating winds. 
Captain Scott and his brave companions, 
with bodies which must have been in wonder- 
fully fit condition, persisted by sheer force of 
will power, and were overcome by a blizzard 
only a few miles from their ship. 



TRAINING AND VIRILITY 13 

The simple records, found months later by 
the side of their dead bodies, tell with dra- 
matic effectiveness of the last few days of 
heart-rending torture from exposure and 
starvation. ' Wilson is feeling the cold most, 
mainly from his self-sacrificing devotion in 
doctoring Gates' feet," reads the record. 
" He has rare pluck. He has borne intense 
suffering for weeks without complaint. . . . 
We must fight it out to the last biscuit. . . . 
Gates at last said he couldn't go on. . . . We 
induced him to come on the afternoon march. 
In spite of its awful nature for him he 
struggled on, and we made a few miles." 
And later when they were in their tent, " He 
went out into the blizzard and we have not 
seen him since." W T hen Evans was insensible 
and the safety of the rest of the party seemed 
to demand his abandonment, they stood by 
and did not leave him till two hours after his 
death. The remaining three pressed on and 
were later found together, frozen to death in 
their tent. Scott seems to have survived the 



14 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

longest. He writes in his journal, ' We 
arrived within eleven miles of our old One 
Ton Camp with fuel for one last meal and food 
for two days. For four days we have been 
unable to leave the tent the gale howling 
about us. We are weak, writing is difficult, 
but for my own sake I do not regret this 
journey, which has shown that Englishmen 
can endure hardships, help one another, and 
meet death with as great a fortitude as ever 
in the past." 8 

Many other examples of men of dynamic 
power, vision, and leadership might be cited 
men who have not only excelled in athletics, 
but have achieved success in the work of the 
world, because they have trained and kept 
themselves fit. Progress towards a higher 
civilization depends upon men of this type. 



CHAPTER II 

FIVE ESSENTIALS IN SUCCESSFUL TRAINING 

THE youth who would keep himself fit and 
acquire virility must provide five essentials 
in successful training. They are (1) wise 
exercise, (2) fresh air, (3) sufficient rest, 
(4) wholesome food, and (5) the control of 
internal force. 

Failure to provide any one of these five 
essentials will endanger the success of the 
others. Exercise alone will not bring desired 
results, nor will fresh air alone, nor will any 
combination of two, three, or four of these 
elements. All five are necessary. Only when 
the youth faithfully trains himself along these 
five lines will he attain his maximum virility. 

A complete examination by a physical 
director is desirable when one begins training. 
Such an examination should include various 

15 



16 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

tests of muscular strength, measurements of 
lung capacity, weight, height, and a thorough 
inspection of heart and lungs. A record of 
these various results may be kept, together 
with photographs of the body in two or three 
different positions. Six months or a year 
later, by obtaining another examination and 
another set of photographs, one may note the 
progress made after following the suggestions 
given him by the physical director. Thus a 
plan of competing with one's self may be 
established. Every month the youth may. 
break his own past records, and at the end 
of a year greatly improve his physique and 
health. 9 

Whether or not an examination be taken, 
however, it is well for the youth to check over 
his daily program every month or oftener to 
see if he has become deficient in any one or 
more of these essentials. He may find, for 
instance, that his work and other activities 
have reduced his time in the open air to only 
a half hour, and his time of rest to only seven 



FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 17 

hours. When a youth discovers deficiencies 
in his daily program or weaknesses in any one 
of these five essential points, he will set him- 
self immediately to correct his daily schedule 
and bring it back to normal. 

Wise Exercise. - - In the physical life of 
man, activity results in development, and 
inactivity in stagnation and retrogression. 
The present-day custom of sitting in the grand- 
stand while two teams of five, nine, or eleven 
men get all the exercise is an unfortunate and 
even dangerous tendency. Reading the sport- 
ing page, yelling one's self hoarse in the 
bleachers, and consulting bulletin boards may 
be enjoyable, but these customs will never 
produce a nation of vigorous men. Exercise 
is found, not in the grandstand, but on the 
field. 

The Best Exercises. Hiking, baseball, 
rowing, canoeing, and skating in the open 
air are among the most beneficial exercises. 
Swimming is an excellent exercise when taken 
moderately. When swimming in cold fresh 



18 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

water, twenty minutes or less is enough at 
one time ; more than this may be weakening. 
One may swim for a longer time in salt water. 
General gymnasium work with dumb-bells, 
clubs, wands, and apparatus is excellent, as are 
also boxing and wrestling, when fresh air is 
provided. Of all these, in the opinion of 
many, hiking stands first. Hiking takes one 
out into the open country and into the moun- 
tains; it brings into play the large muscles, 
tones up the nervous system, and generally 
insures large quantities of exhilarating fresh 
air, by bringing into use the entire capacity 
of the lungs. 

The youth should not confine himself to 
hiking, however, or to any particular exercise. 
Let him guard against specialization and one- 
sided development. The highest ideal for 
which all should strive is not to produce a 
runner or a jumper or a boxer, but the highest 
type of a physically perfect man. 10 What- 
ever one's favorite recreation may be, he 
should add to it a variety of other exercises. 



FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 19 

If light exercise be taken, a few minutes of 
strenuous work should be included to quicken 
heart and lung action. If, for instance, a 
boy walks four or five miles a day, it is desir- 
able to run a quarter or a half mile of this 
distance, or to arrange for the walk to include 
the climbing of a steep hill. For reasons to 
appear later, each day's program should 
include exercise strenuous enough to produce 
perspiration. An entire change of clothing 
for all vigorous exercise is desirable. This 
enables one to put on clean, dry clothes after 
exercising and bathing. 

Excessive Exercising. For the sake of 
health the time to stop exercising is when slightly 
tired, not when exhausted. 11 The sprinter, 
when training, is careful not to overtax his 
strength. Only in the race does he feel 
justified in straining himself to the point of 
exhaustion. Every physical effort requires 
energy, and energy is generated by the com- 
bustion of fuel or food products. This com- 
bustion leaves certain by-products which act 



20 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

as ashes or clinkers and are called fatigue 
poisons. The system can readily cast off 
through the lungs, the skin, and the kidneys 
a normal amount of these poisons ; but if 
physical activity be continued too long, more 
poisons are made than can be disposed of by 
the system. Fatigue and sometimes sickness 
result. 

These cautions refer only to excessive par- 
ticipation in the distance runs, boat racing, 
basket ball, and tennis. For some boys and 
men who are continually keyed up to a high 
pitch, and who are of a nervous temperament, 
hard tennis and basket ball are not desirable. 
For such persons, quieter exercise may be more 
profitable. 

Posture. An abundance of proper exercise 
tends towards the building up of an erect, well- 
proportioned body. The head, chest, and 
shoulders should be held up. Emphasis need 
not be placed on throwing the shoulders back. 
A flabby, clumsy, stooped body and a pro- 
truding abdomen detract greatly from the 




EH 

5 "H 

o 

PU 

02 S 



M 



FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 21 

beauty and efficiency of the body. The rela- 
tive attractiveness of various postures may be 
observed in the following figure. 




FIG. 1. Profiles showing (from left to right) bad, mediocre and 
good postures. 



If necessary, one should take special arm, 
abdominal, and breathing exercises in order 
to correct faulty tendencies and develop an 
erect, well-proportioned body. 

The Bath. A man's daily exercise should 
be vigorous enough to cause him to perspire 
freely. This helps in throwing off the poi- 



22 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

sons referred to, a process important to good 
health. One should follow such exercise with 
a shower bath of from one to three minutes' 
duration, using first warm water, then cold, 
and a vigorous rubdown with a coarse towel 
afterwards. Warm water and soap should be 
used first to cleanse the body thoroughly. 
The feet and hands and hairy portions of the 
body need particularly to be kept clean. 
Soap on the head, however, is needed only oc- 
casionally in most communities. If a shower 
be not available, a tub bath may be used 
with at least two changes of water. The 
warm bath should not last over five minutes. 
After this a cold plunge may be taken. If 
even a tub bath be not accessible, a wash 
bowl, placed on the floor of one's room, with 
two or three changes of water, will prove a 
good substitute. A bath so taken with a good 
rubdown afterwards may be as invigorating 
as a bath taken at the finest athletic club 
in the country. 
In order to keep the entire body sweet and 



FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 23 

clean, many youths find it desirable to take 
a short vigorous bath every day, especially 
if a shower be available or if one may be con- 
trived. If a tub be used, one may take a 
thorough bath, as outlined above, once or 
twice a week, and a cold splash daily. The 
bath should be taken quickly. Prolonged daily 
baths may be weakening. 

A pleasant reaction should always follow the 
bath. One should feel as warm after bathing 
as before. If he does not, water not so cold 
should be used. A bath should not be taken 
less than 45 minutes before a meal and not 
sooner than 1J hours after eating, so as not 
to interfere with digestion. 

Dr. Dudley A. Sargent of Harvard Uni- 
versity believes that the regular bath follow- 
ing exercise and the habit of bathing estab- 
lished thereby are almost as valuable as the 
exercise itself. 12 

Rubdowns. After a track meet or similar 
occasion demanding unusual muscular exer- 
tion, a vigorous massage of the particular 



24 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

muscles fatigued is often advisable. An 
athlete may massage some of his own muscles. 
Often he will need the help of his trainer, or 
coach. A rubdown of this kind assists the 
system to throw off the fatigue poisons into 
the blood. It does not take the place of rest, 
however. After unusual muscular work and 
the rubdown, a long period of sleep should 
follow so that the blood may, in turn, cast 
off the fatigue poisons through lungs, skin, 
and kidneys. 

Fresh Air. In the city of Calcutta in 
1756, 146 persons were confined in a small 
apartment, now referred to as the Black 
Hole, about 20 feet square, having only 
two small windows. The next morning 123 
of them were dead. 

At the time of the Civil War, the Assistant 
Surgeon of the United States Army re- 
ported that those whose occupations exposed 
them to " crowd poisoning or to vitiated 
air from any cause " were by no means 
so well fitted for military service as those 



FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 25 

who were in the habit of living in the fresh 
air. 13 

Every hour the lungs take in and give out 
about 800 cubic feet of air. The oxygen of 
the air is consumed in the process of purifying 
the blood, the product being carbon dioxide. 
Therefore when the air is breathed out again 
into the room, much of its vitality is gone. 
These facts emphasize the importance of a 
continuous supply of fresh air. 

Air is the most beneficial gift of nature ; it is 
given freely and unreservedly ; it is the one 
cure-all, more valuable than medicine, more 
valuable than the skill of physicians ; and 
yet many of us shut it out of our houses. 14 
If each deep breath of cool fresh air cost five 
or ten cents as do cooling drinks, most people 
would be glad to get several such breaths 
every day. Some one has said, " He who 
breathes best, lives best." It is desirable 
to combine sunshine with fresh air. Sunlight 
gives tone to the tissues of the body. It also 
tends to keep the air free from disease germs. 



26 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

Results with Fresh Air. What wonderful 
results may be had from living in the fresh 
air is shown by experience with open-air 
schools in Germany, England, and America. 
Usually children have been selected for the 
experiments who are below normal in general 
health in many cases they have been 
tuberculous. In the open air, the children 
respond wonderfully the color comes into 
their cheeks and the sparkle into their eyes. 
They increase in weight and grow stronger 
physically and more alert mentally. 15 

In Switzerland, tuberculous children are 
taken up among the snow-covered mountains 
and are there gradually exposed to the air and 
sunshine. A good coat of tan soon replaces 
nearly all their clothing, and although the air 
is cold, they seem to enjoy their sports in the 
snow and to derive much benefit from the 
exercise. 16 

How to Provide Fresh Air. Those people 
tfhose occupations and habits of life keep 
them out of the fresh air most of the time 



FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 27 

must definitely plan ways and means of over- 
coming this difficulty. 

The youth should (1) live as much out of 
doors as possible, (2) keep the air indoors 
where he is working or studying as fresh as 
possible, and (3) sleep in the fresh air. 

Two hours a day should be the minimum 
for actually living in fresh, out-of-door air. 
More time is of course very desirable. This 
time should be spent if possible in invigorating 
exercise, particularly in those exercises which 
develop the chest, as the heart and lungs need 
to be given plenty of room. Walking to and 
from school or place of business is a simple and 
wise way of providing for a portion of this time. 

Cold air indoors is no more harmful than it 
is out-of-doors. Bad, overheated air is more 
likely to make us " catch cold " than fresh, 
cold air. When the outside temperature will 
permit, it is well to keep open all the doors and 
windows of the house. Even during the cold 
season the windows should be partially open ; 
and occasionally during the day all doors and 



28 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

windows should be thrown wide open to insure 
a thorough change of air. 

In recent scientific experiments, human 
beings have been kept alive in air-tight com- 
partments for many hours by keeping the air 
in motion and at a moderately low temper- 
ature. If one be forced to remain for long 
periods in rooms where ventilation is difficult, 
it is highly desirable to have the indoor air 
kept in motion by an electric fan or other 
device and kept at a temperature of not over 
68 or 70 F. 

Arrangements for sleeping in the fresh air 
may be procured if the youth is resourceful 
and determined. A room with several win- 
dows opened at the top and bottom usually 
makes a fairly satisfactory arrangement. 
Tents are good if well ventilated, especially 
when they can be placed on a flat roof, up 
above the stratum of bad air which is some- 
times found near the ground. The best ar- 
rangement is a sleeping porch, particularly 
when it is built above the ground floor. 



FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 29 

Sufficient Rest. That rest is needed in 
proportion to the amount of energy expended 
is evident. If the youth is to keep in the best 
possible condition, he must carry out this 
idea in his everyday life. Nine out of every 
ten youths between the ages of fifteen and 
twenty years need eight and one half to nine 
and one half hours of sleep each night. One 
may sleep much more restfully by sleeping 
alone. Double beds are now being largely 
replaced by single 'beds for both adults and 
young people. Though the youth should get 
all the sleep needed, he should lie in bed no 
longer than sleep requires. Lying in bed 
after waking tends to make one lazy and to 
rob one of vigor. To spring out of bed imme- 
diately upon awakening is good for developing 
the will. 

Effects of Insufficient Rest. As was ex- 
plained under the heading of exercise, physical 
and mental activity causes the manufacture 
of fatigue poisons. Under proper conditions 
these poisons are cast off during sleep. If, 



30 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

however, sufficient sleep be not provided, 
they may accumulate and cause sickness. 

The problem of fatigue is important in our 
industrial life. Tables have been compiled 
from numerous investigations, showing disas- 
trous effects of fatigue among workers. 17 

It is said that Mr. Thomas A. Edison can 
work all night till six in the morning, then take 
a little nap from six to nine, and continue with 
another good day's work. A few men seem 
capable of working under such conditions, 
but most people are not Edisons. Because 
one occasionally hears of a famous man who 
can work many hours with but little sleep, one 
is sometimes inclined to think that he himself 
should work harder, and sleep less. This is a 
great .mistake. A man may get along for a 
few days or a few weeks without sufficient 
sleep and notice no particularly bad results, 
but sooner or later he feels the effects of the 
accumulation of fatigue poisons. He is per- 
haps attacked by disease germs during a 
period of insufficient rest ; his system, already 



FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 31 

behind in its work, is unable to cast off both 
fatigue poisons and disease germs, and he soon 
finds himself a victim of disease. Continued 
study late at night, and attendance at parties, 
the theater, and other amusements, if partici- 
pated in at the expense of sleep, are doubly 
vicious. They increase fatigue and they 
lessen time for recuperation. 

Reserve Strength. Every youth ought to 
have not only enough strength for each day's 
work, but a little extra for use in an emergency 
at the finish of a race, for instance, when 
victory is a matter of a few feet or inches. If 
an engineer pulls his throttle wide open and 
uses more steam than the fire under his boiler 
is generating, he soon lowers the pressure in 
his boiler. He is then compelled to slow 
down until the pressure rises, before he can 
again get the best work out of his engine. 
The youth, in order to maintain maximum 
efficiency, to originate great ideas, to execute 
big pieces of work, must avoid using his 
strength to the point of fatigue. Each night 



32 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

he must fully recover from the previous day's 
efforts and in addition store up a little energy 
for emergencies. 18 

Sufficient Rest Profitable. Sometimes 
troubles attributed to other causes may be 
quickly corrected by getting more rest. The 
president of a large bank, upon being deprived 
of a vacation in Europe, decided to get more 
sleep at home as a substitute. He did so, 
and found, as he put it, that he could " fight 
better." Pressed with the responsibilities of 
his position, that fighting tone, that ability 
to say " yes " or " no " decisively and at the 
right time, must have added not only to his 
own well-being but to his efficiency as presi- 
dent of the bank. 19 

Wholesome Food. On Lake Erie in 1900, 
two large popular steamers raced from Cleve- 
land, Ohio, east 100 miles. Much interest 
was aroused in advance of the race, and the 
crew of each boat was eager to win. In prep- 
aration for the race, the men on both boats 
carefully sorted the coal in order to reject 



FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 33 

material from which a proper amount of 
energy could not be developed. The race was 
practically a tie. Had the men on one boat not 
taken this precaution, their boat would doubt- 
less have been at a marked disadvantage. 20 

The human body may be considered as an 
engine, and food as fuel. The lungs are 
machines to bring oxygen to the fuel so that 
it may burn and produce heat or energy. 
Clothes keep in the heat and prevent waste of 
energy. The pores of the skin, the kidneys, 
the lungs, and the bowels are agencies for 
removing the clinkers or ashes in the form of 
waste products. 

If it be important for a steamer or loco- 
motive to have carefully selected fuel, cer- 
tainly the human body is entitled to proper 
food. This does not mean that men have to 
know a great deal about food values. The 
most important things to say to the youth of 
to-day are (1) beware of fads, (2) eat plenty 
of wholesome food, (3) chew it to a pulp, 
and (4) use judgment. 



34 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

Fads. The idea of getting much nutri- 
ment condensed into a small quantity of food, 
and numerous other ideas upon which various 
manufactured products and various " isms " 
in eating are based, are erroneous. About 
twenty -five years ago, it was thought by some 
that explorers and others who desired might 
live on food condensed into small volume. 
This theory has been exploded. Now, it is 
realized that the stomach and intestines need 
bulk to work on in order that they may func- 
tion properly. 

What to Eat. The system, then, needs 
volume of food as well as nutriment. One 
should eat chiefly fresh vegetables, cereals, 
bread and butter, eggs, and fruits, with a little 
fresh meat or fish not more than once a day. 
If, perchance, one were forced to eat one food 
exclusively, bread would be the best food to 
select. It is the most nearly perfect solid 
food. Bread and milk together provide all 
the important elements in food. A variety 
of foods, however, is desirable. 



FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 35 

There has been in the past a difference of 
opinion regarding the use of meat. Now 
many authorities agree that eating too much 
meat may cause constitutional diseases such 
as kidney disease and hardening of the 
arteries. 

Milk is an ideal drink, and is rich in nutri- 
ment. Water is now considered not harmful 
at meals, if the food be reduced to a pulp, and 
the water be not used to wash down the food. 
Water should be drunk freely it is well to 
make this a practice upon rising in the 
morning and between meals. When one is 
thirsty, cold, fresh water is the best drink. 
It is the water in any drink which really 
quenches thirst. 

What not to Eat. There are very few 
foods in common use which one may not eat 
if one chews them properly. Stimulants and 
highly seasoned foods, however, should be 
avoided. Especially should one be careful 
not to eat meats, fruits, and vegetables which 
are even slightly decayed. In using canned 



36 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

goods in camp or elsewhere, the can should be 
emptied and thrown away as soon as it is 
opened, in order to avoid metallic poisons. 
If all of the contents of the can be not needed, 
they should be transferred to a porcelain or 
enameled dish and kept covered. 

Coffee. Coffee is a stimulant which in- 
creases brain activity. Coffee might there- 
fore be a good thing to use, if it were not for 
the fact that reaction always follows the use 
of such a stimulant, and confuses or checks the 
activity of the brain. Coffee does not add 
any energy to the system, but tends to give 
a false sense of power and to cause men to 
draw on their reserve strength with the result 
of weakening vitality. It may be said that 
coffee is to the brain of a youth what a whip 
is to a fine horse. Once, in the great chariot 
race, Ben Hur used the whip, and because 
he had never used it before, it proved effec- 
tive in the emergency. Even if coffee be 
used in an emergency, one should expect a 
period of lessened brain activity afterwards. 



FIVJE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 37 

Tea is also a stimulant. Neither coffee nor 
tea is a food. 

Alcohol and Tobacco. It is now proved by 
scientists that alcohol is a poison. Heads 
of governments, economists, physicians, and 
business men condemn alcohol because of its 
effects on health and efficiency. Many sta- 
tistical tables show these effects. 

In respect to tobacco, while many mature 
men feel justified in smoking, all agree that it 
is detrimental to the development of a grow- 
ing youth. Dr. Seaver, formerly director of 
the Yale University gymnasium, studied 
scientifically for a period of nine years the 
effects of smoking among students. He found 
that non-smokers increased more in height, 
weight, and chest girth than the smokers ; 
in lung capacity the non-smokers increased 
21.60 cubic inches and the smokers 12.17 
cubic inches. 

Recent scientific investigation also throws 
light upon the question of smoking. The 
heart beat of several non-smokers was reg- 



38 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

istered by means of a scientific instrument; 
also the heart beat of various smokers be- 
fore smoking, at the time of smoking, and after 
smoking. The heart beat of the smokers was 
considerably weaker th^n that of the non- 
smokers, it was stimulated at the time of 
smoking, and became weak again immediately 
afterwards. 21 

Slow Eating. Some people eat as though 
they thought their stomachs had teeth. In 
eating slowly lies a secret of healthful and 
happy living. All food should be chewed to 
pulp. If the youth adopts this habit, it will 
add more to his enjoyment, strength, and effi- 
ciency than many other less simple factors 
in hygienic living. 

A little eaten slowly will do more good 
than much eaten rapidly. Hurry and excite- 
ment tend to retard or stop digestion. Dr. 
Charles W. Eliot attributes much of his suc- 
cess to a calm temperament and a serene mind. 
These are furthered by taking one's meals 
leisurely, quietly, and cheerfully. Cheerful- 



FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 39 

ness is a great aid to digestion and good 
health. A hearty laugh is worth more than 
all the digestive tablets or chewing gum 
ever manufactured. Mealtimes should be 
happy times. To relax fully and rest a 
few minutes after eating is also good for 
the digestion. 

Judgment. Men need not only to acquire 
a knowledge of foods and their use, but they 
must learn by their own experience to eat 
properly. There are a number of foods which 
are good for some people and positive poisons 
to others. Strawberries, onions, and fish are 
proper foods for most people, but a few learn 
by experience that they cannot eat one or 
more of them. By using judgment, a boy 
may avoid particular foods which prove to 
be harmful to him ; and by using judgment 
he may also restrain himself from overeat- 
ing. Unless judgment be used, information 
in regard to food values may do but little 
good. 



40 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

DIET 

(Containing approximately 2500 calories) 

For boys 14 to 18 years of age, weighing 110 to 160 
pounds. 

BREAKFAST 

Prunes, apricots, apple sauce, or any fresh fruit in 
season, one dish. 

Oatmeal, ] . 

Moderate-sized dish, with cream 
Rice, or \ 

tor winter, 
Wheat cereal j 

or 

Flaked wheat or corn 1 

Large-sized dish, with cream 
Puffed wheat or rice > 

for summer. 1 
Shredded wheat J 

Eggs, two. 

(Bacon or griddle cakes may be substituted occa- 
sionally, or this course may be omitted entirely.) 

Milk, one glass. 
Toast, two slices, with butter. 

DINNER 

Steak, one or two chops, roast, or fish. 

Baked potato, one, or its equivalent in mashed or 

boiled potatoes. 

1 The breakfast foods suggested for the winter months may be used through- 
out the year. They furnish more nutriment in proportion to their cost than 
the prepared foods suggested for summer. If lighter, cooler breakfast foods 
are desired, however, these prepared foods may be used. 



FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 41 

Celery creamed, peas, spinach, cauliflower, beans, 
carrots or other cooked vegetables, one dish. 

Milk, one glass. 

Bread, two slices, with butter. 

Any fruit mentioned above, fruit, berry, or custard pie. 

SUPPER 

Light broth or soup with a few crackers. 

Creamed potatoes or baked potato. 

Small portion of cold meat, small piece of steak, or 

one chop if desired. 

Milk, one glass. 
Bread, two slices, with butter. 

Custard, plain pudding, baked apple with cream, or 
any fruit mentioned above. 

In the menu above, which provides changes 
from day to day, the first-named article in 
each class of foods is the best of its class. 
One tires of many foods after continuous use, 
however ; therefore, variety is desirable. One 
may eat mashed potatoes, boiled potatoes, 
and creamed potatoes often, but it is well to 
remember that baked potatoes are the best. 
So, also, oatmeal is the best cereal. In a 
similar manner, preference should be given to 



42 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

the first one or two named foods of each class. 
As a general rule, youths of the broad-chested, 
broad-waisted, large-boned type should be 
careful not to overeat. Youths of the slen- 
der type should eat more heartily, particularly 
of vegetables and fruits. 

The Control of Internal Force. The last 
element of successful training is control of 
internal force. There is implanted in every 
youth a certain internal force or instinct. 
It is the instinct which leads man to per- 
petuate his species, to reproduce his kind, 
and we call it the race instinct, the reproduc- 
tive instinct, or the sex instinct. 

Animals have this same instinct. With 
animals it seems to rule their lives. Nature 
gives it limitations, and keeps it under cer- 
tain control; but animals, themselves, make 
little or no attempt to control it when it 
asserts itself at various seasons. 

Youth is given this instinct, plus the mental 
and physical powers through the exercise of 
which he may develop control of it. Further- 



FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 43 

more, he must control it or it will control him. 
If this instinct masters him, he will lose 
much of the virility he has already gained; 
if he masters it, and makes it his servant, 
then it will bring to his life greater dynamic 
powers. 

In the next chapter it will be shown how 
this instinct serves the final purpose for which 
it was intended, how it causes all living crea- 
tures to reproduce their kind and thereby 
continue their species. The sacredness and 
the importance to the body of the reproductive 
organs will there be explained. 

The male has reproductive organs for two 
separate and distinct purposes. Their final 
purpose is reproduction, as stated ; their ear- 
lier purpose is this to develop a boy into a man. 

The Development of the Boy into the Man. 
It would be impossible for boys to grow into 
men were it not for the reproductive organs. 
This will be shown by three illustrations. 

The first is this: On each side of the neck 
there is a little gland, called the thyroid gland, 



44 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

which continually manufactures an important 
secretion. It is similar to the secretions of 
other glands, such as the saliva and the gastric 
juice. This secretion, however, goes, not into 
the food, but into the blood, and becomes a 
very important part of the blood. If by 
accident this gland be injured in childhood, 
the child is likely not to grow into a normal 
boy. He is likely to be feeble-minded, be- 
cause his development from the time of the 
accident is severely handicapped by the lack 
of this important secretion in his blood. 

The second illustration is this : When male 
colts are about a year old, most of them are 
subjected to an operation called castration. 
The farmer may say that he " cuts " or 
" alters " them. This operation consists in 
cutting away two glands called testicles, 
which hang in a sack between the hind legs. 
A colt which is so altered becomes a gelding 
and a colt which is not cut becomes a stallion. 
Those who are familiar with horses know what 
a striking difference there is between the geld- 



FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 45 

ing and the stallion. The stallion has more 
muscle, a longer tail and mane, a higher 
arched neck, and more fire in his eye. He has 
more fight in him. He is a far finer specimen 
of a horse than the mutilated gelding. 

The third illustration is this : In some 
Oriental countries, when slaves are wanted 
for menial kinds of work in the court of the 
ruler, young boys are sometimes castrated. 
These boys do not grow up to be men. It is 
difficult to describe the kind of human beings 
into which they do grow. They are likely 
to lack endurance and energy and courage. 
In most cases their voices do not change, 
nor do their beards grow. These unsexed 
beings are likely to become tricky, effeminate, 
and cowardly. 

From these illustrations a boy may get a 
good idea of the importance of the reproduc- 
tive organs in the development of a boy into a 
man. The facts are as follows : The human 
male has two glands called testicles which 
hang in a sack, called the scrotum just be- 



46 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

neath the main sex organ, called the penis. 
They are similar to the testicles of the colt, 
and somewhat similar to the thyroid glands in 
the neck. When a boy reaches the threshold 
of his manhood, these glands increase in size. 
They secrete a substance important to his 
development. At this time, boys undergo 
various physical changes. The shoulders 
broaden and the lung capacity increases ; the 
vocal cords lengthen and the voice changes ; 
the hair begins to grow coarser and longer on 
the face, on the legs, under the arms, and 
around the sex organs. Sometimes these 
changes take place at the age of 13, more 
often at 14 or 15, and sometimes not until 
the boy is 16 or 17 or even older. Tardy 
development should not be regretted, for the 
later these changes take place, the better 
it is for the boy. One testicle usually 
hangs somewhat lower than the other as 
the boy grows older. This is not a wrong 
condition, as quack doctors would have boys 
believe. 



FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 47 

The substance secreted by the testicles is 
absorbed by the blood as fast as it is made. 
The blood takes it to every part of the body 
from the bottom of the feet to the top of the 
head, to muscle and to brain, giving tone to 
the muscle, power to the brain, and strength 
to the nerve. 

A Danger to Avoid. Sometimes a boy 
yields to impulses associated with the sex 
instinct and abuses these organs. This may 
develop into a habit called masturbation. 
A boy indulging in this practice runs the risk 
of missing the virility he might otherwise 
acquire. If such a boy, realizing his mistake, 
will stop immediately and absolutely, and live 
an active, healthy life, Nature will come to his 
rescue, and assist him in regaining the virility 
which he may have lost by this practice. 22 

Sexual temptations and excitement may be 
largely avoided by careful training in respect 
to food, rest, fresh air, and especially in regard 
to exercise. If an overabundance of life 
seems to demand sexual activity, let the youth 



48 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

not yield to temptation, waste his energy, 
and lose his self-respect. Far better let him 
control this impulse or force, and make it his 
servant. By immediately turning to vigorous 
exercise, or hard mental or physical work, this 
impulse may be converted in a wonderful 
yet mysterious manner into a great con- 
structive force in his life. The control of this 
force seems to contribute definitely to mus- 
cular strength, endurance, energy, courage, 
and will power, and also to intellectual growth 
and spiritual development. Life for a youth 
who controls this force will open up far fuller 
and richer than otherwise would be possible. 

Relation of Mind to Virility. It should 
be clear that clean living makes for fullness 
of virility. One should not think for a 
minute, however, that a youth can keep 
clean physically without keeping mentally 
clean. He cannot do it. There is too inti- 
mate a relationship between the mind and the 
body. Sorrow, a mental condition, may cause 
loss of appetite, a bodily condition. Fear 



FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 49 

may cause marked disturbances in the di- 
gestive tract. 

Sometimes embarrassment causes one to 
blush. As long as the mind dwells upon the 
subject of the embarrassment, the blood con- 
tinues to rush to the face. One's will power 
cannot control the blood supply. The only 
way to stop blushing is to focus the mind on 
some other subject. 

Experience proves conclusively that a boy 
or man cannot continue to look upon im- 
morally suggestive pictures, hear so-called 
" smutty stories," or indulge in sexual 
thoughts without a harmful physical re- 
action. 

Of course it is impossible to keep dangerous 
thoughts and suggestions from coming to one's 
attention. But, by the exercise of will power, 
a man can avoid harboring them. As the 
saying is, ' We cannot prevent the birds 
from flying about over our heads, but we 
can keep them from coming down and making 
nests in our hair." 



50 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

" Entertain in your secret consciousness no 
thought that you would blush to have your 
friends know or fear to have your enemies 
know," a friend writes; and Dr. Prince A. 
Morrow, a noted physician, has said, "The 
problem of clean living is primarily a problem 
of self-control, of the mastery of the mind over 
the body." 

Sometimes one sees a strong, muscular man 
known to be unclean in his private life. A 
short-sighted youth may conclude that a man 
may be unclean and still retain his full 
strength; but this is not the way unclean 
living works out in the long run. Aside from 
a man's responsibility to his future children 
and to race progress (an important considera- 
tion to be discussed later), ultimately the un- 
clean man " loses out." Regardless of how 
much strength a man has to start with, he 
is the loser to the extent that he wastes his 
strength. 

It is desirable for the youth who has been 
curious about these matters to dismiss them 



FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 51 

now from his mind. He need not worry 
about glands or anything else concerning his 
sexual life. If he will live a clean, healthy 
life, Nature will take excellent care of him. 

Patience in Training. He who would 
possess virility must work for it. While 
some men seem to get on well for a few years 
without particular effort, the man who wins 
out in the long run is he who not only trains 
but trains hard and patiently, who develops 
his body regardless of either advantages or 
disadvantages at the beginning. Ruskin has 
said, " If you want knowledge, -you must toil 
for it, if food, you must toil for it " ; he might 
have added, " if virility, you must toil for 
it " ; for, as he says, " Toil is the law." 

Summary. So much in regard to personal 
hygiene is being published now in books and 
magazines that the youth is likely to become 
confused. He may fail to get his knowledge 
in its true relation to the subject as a whole. 
He may also become discouraged, fearing 
that he must study a great deal about per- 



52 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

sonal hygiene in order to live healthfully. 
While the study of many such books may be 
beneficial, it is not necessary. Hygienic liv- 
ing is really a simple matter. It consists 
largely in living up to a determination to 
observe the simple, commonplace ideas which 
have here been enumerated. 

The foregoing suggestions in respect to 
exercise, air, rest, food, and the control of 
internal force may be reduced to the following 
five rules : 

1. Provide two hours or more of physical 

activity each day, with short periods of 
strenuous effort. If possible, all or part 
of this activity should be out of doors. 

2. Sleep in the fresh air, and sleep long 

enough each night to fully recover from 
the previous day's exertions. (This will 
generally mean 8| to 9J hours.) Also, 
keep the air indoors fresh. 

3. Bathe often enough to keep the body sweet 

and clean. (This will mean a daily 
bath for many.) 



FIVE ESSENTIALS IN TRAINING 53 

4. Eat fresh foods moderately, and meat 

sparingly, and chew all foods to a pulp ; 
drink milk instead of coffee or tea, and 
use judgment. 

5. Control body and mind. Make sex in- 

stinct a strength-producing force. 
These, then, are the standards for the 
youth who would keep himself fit. Let him 
measure himself by these rules regularly, 
every month or of tener. When weaknesses 
are discovered, let him promptly correct them, 
and thus by faithful effort achieve good 
health. He will know the joy of breathing 
the fresh morning air, of the splash of cold 
water on the body, of the taste of simple 
foods. A high degree of virility will mean for 
him the joy of action and conscious strength. 



CHAPTER III 

DANGERS TO VIRILITY 

IN the United States there are probably 
at all times about 3,000,000 persons seriously 
ill. 23 A large proportion of these are sick 
because, as individuals, they do not take 
good care of themselves; and another large 
proportion, because society as a whole has 
not yet acquired control of infectious disease. 
This condition of affairs constitutes a great 
economic waste, which is, in large measure, 
unnecessary. 

Disease is a danger to virility which the 
youth may for the most part avoid. The 
science of sanitation is rapidly safeguarding 
the public against infections by such meas- 
ures as vaccination and the use of antitoxins 
and the insistence upon pure water and milk 
supplies. But the best safeguard against 

54 



DANGERS TO VIRILITY 55 

disease for the youth is training. By keeping 
the body in the best possible condition, one 
maintains a high state of resistance, so that 
when disease germs of any kind attack the 
body, they may be destroyed before damage 
is done. 

The dangers against which even the youth 
should protect himself are tuberculosis, colds, 
typhoid fever, constipation, venereal disease, 
worry, drugs, and disorders of the eye, nose, 
throat, and teeth. 

Tuberculosis. Of the infectious diseases, 
tuberculosis is one of the most serious. It is 
the great white plague. It kills hundreds of 
thousands, and causes an annual expense in 
the United States of about one billion dollars. 
To-day people are learning to prevent and 
cure it by the simplest means imaginable 
living in the fresh air. Although diet and 
sleep are important, the one great preventive 
and curative factor is fresh air. 

The youth who has any tendencies towards 
tuberculosis should consider outdoor living 



56 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

more important than school life or any other 
occupation. If his physician advises life in 
the open for a year or two, he should quickly 
put aside other ambitions and adopt that 
mode of life which means recovery and health. 
Colds. Colds cause a great loss of virility, 
especially to persons who have them often. 
A cold is a serious germ disease, the medical 
name of which is coryza. It may be said that 
thousands of people die of colds not di- 
rectly, but indirectly. It is a disease not 
entirely of the throat or nose, but of the entire 
system. The coryza germ, by getting through 
the system, breaks down the resistance, so 
that other more dangerous germs may enter 
and cause serious damage. Among these is 
the pneumonia germ. Most cases of pneu- 
monia start with a " common cold." The 
coryza germ has been called the " little bad 
boy of the gang who, having once broken into 
the system, turns around and calls back to 
the bigger boys, * Come on in, fellers. The 
door's open ! ' " 24 



DANGERS TO VIRILITY 57 

General training, with emphasis upon fresh 
air and sufficient rest, will do much in pre- 
venting colds. The fact that those who live 
in the open are the most free from colds should 
convince us that it is lack of fresh air indoors, 
rather than too much, which causes us to have 
colds. The teamster, the chauffeur, the forest 
ranger, and the mail carrier seldom suffer. 
The motorman on our street cars suffers more 
frequently now than when he stood in the 
open. The locomotive engineer is some- 
times exposed to extreme cold on one side and 
severe heat on the other side, yet seldom takes 
cold. Notwithstanding the severe exposure 
to which explorers are often subjected, colds 
are unknown in the polar regions. 25 

If a cold be contracted, a good treatment 
consists in drinking three or four glasses of 
hot lemonade and taking a cathartic upon 
retiring. The hot lemonade causes profuse 
sweating and urination, resulting in the cast- 
ing off of poisons by both kidneys and skin. 
One should preferably stay in bed the next 



58 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

day. This treatment is better than to let 
a cold continue and cause one to feel half sick 
for several days. 26 

As a matter of practice, however, it is 
much better to consult a physician when one 
feels sick than to use home remedies. If a 
man treats himself, a serious disease may de- 
velop unnoticed, which might be detected 
early by a physician. One is safer, even with 
a light cold, if he be under the supervision 
of the family physician. 

Typhoid Fever. The number who died 
of typhoid fever in the United States during 
1912 probably exceeded the number killed in 
six of the greatest battles of the Civil War. 27 
People are now learning, however, that this 
disease can be prevented by drinking only 
pure water and pure milk. Flies may carry 
typhoid and other germs and therefore should 
be destroyed. Garbage should be kept in 
closed cans, manure should be covered, and 
the breeding of these pests in other places 
should be prevented by similar means. It is 



DANGERS TO VIRILITY 59 

now hoped that flies may soon be permanently 
destroyed. 

If a youth, then, finds himself in a com- 
munity with a dangerous water or milk supply, 
he will want to use every means in his power, 
for the sake of his own health and that of his 
family and friends, to correct this condition. 
Though boiling the water and avoiding milk 
will prevent infection, more permanent meas- 
ures should be taken. If health officials and 
other municipal authorities are enlightened 
and have the welfare of the community at 
heart, they will take steps at once to remedy 
conditions if the danger be properly brought 
to their attention. 

Constipation. Habitual constipation is a 
common trouble and causes a great loss of 
vigor. When waste food products accumu- 
late and are not promptly cast off, the system 
absorbs poison from them. Headache and 
other symptoms of general ill health may 
result. It is important in fact of first 
importance for the youth to have at least 



^^ t 

2 ** 

-1 

II 

*-* 





ss _ 6 'C a o 

Jo S 2 S Q 




60 




61 



62 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

one regular time each day for eliminating 
these waste products. The movement of the 
bowel should be accomplished without labo- 
rious straining. This may cause piles, an 
exceedingly painful disease of the rectum. 
General training greatly aids regularity. 

If special remedies are necessary, more fruit 
and more butter may be added to the daily 
menu. Unripe fruits should be avoided. 
Two glasses of water upon arising, followed by 
a brisk walk of 15 to 30 minutes or abdominal 
exercises before breakfast, are particularly 
helpful, as are also two or more glasses 
of water drunk between meals. Abdominal 
exercises which are especially helpful are 
those described by Figures 3, 6, 7, 9, and 10 
of the Home Exercises described on the 
preceding pages. Except in emergencies, 
or upon the advice of a physician, medicines 
and injections of water into the lower bowel 
should not be used for this condition. 

Venereal Diseases. Venereal diseases are 
germ diseases which start with an infection 



DANGERS TO VIRILITY 63 

of the sex organs. From the sex organs, the 
germs often travel to other parts of the body. 
Of all diseases, venereal diseases are now 
considered the most serious. They constitute 
the great black plague (called on the Pacific 
Coast the great red plague). There are 
two principal venereal diseases. They are 
contracted almost always from prostitutes. 
A prostitute is a woman who makes a business 
of selling her body to men. Most prostitutes 
are diseased part of the time and some of them 
most of the time. There are also non-pro- 
fessional prostitutes women who prosti- 
tute themselves only occasionally to particular 
men. From a standpoint of disease, non-pro- 
fessional prostitutes as a class are as danger- 
ous as professional prostitutes, or even more 
dangerous. In referring to the infectiousness 
of both these diseases, it should be stated 
that certain preventives recommended by un- 
scrupulous men are not to be depended upon. 
Syphilis is one of the venereal diseases. 
Men are generally afraid of this disease. 



64 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

When the germ of syphilis gets into the blood, 
it may cause loathsome sores on various parts 
of the body. It is well understood to cause 
much insanity and paralysis. A man may 
transmit syphilis to his children, who may 
have to suffer much more than he himself 
suffers. His children's children, even, may 
have to pay the penalty of his mistakes. 

Gonorrhea (or clap) is not well understood 
by many men. It has often been said that 
gonorrhea is no worse than a cold. That is 
a false statement which has caused immeas- 
urable suffering. The germs of gonorrhea 
are sometimes exceedingly persistent and 
treacherous. They may remain asleep inside 
of the body for months and then break out 
and cause a recurrence of the disease. It 
is true that many men are apparently cured 
of gonorrhea in a few weeks' time. Quack 
doctors and other incompetent physicians 
often stop outward signs of the disease and 
leave the germs deep seated in the tissue, 
to break out again, possibly years later. 



DANGERS TO VIRILITY 65 

Gonorrhea cures sold in some drug stores 
are worse than useless. A man may contract 
this disease, realize his mistake, may quit 
associating with immoral women altogether; 
he may fall in love with a beautiful girl whom 
he would not harm for anything in the world 
and his happiness may seem complete. And 
then, after marriage, tragedy may come. He 
may find that he has made his bride an 
invalid for life. 

It is said by physicians that this disease 
causes about 50 per cent of the operations 
upon women for diseases of the reproductive 
organs; it also causes large numbers of 
women to be incapable of bearing children, 
and many to be invalids or semi-invalids for 
life. Furthermore, it is estimated that there 
are to-day from 10,000 to 15,000 blind people 
in the United States who became blind at the 
time of birth because of gonorrhea. 28 Their 
blindness is incurable. A large proportion of 
all this suffering is caused by gonorrhea 
given to the wife by men who think they are 



66 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

cured before marriage. It should be under- 
stood, however, that there are other causes 
of blindness, childless marriages, and invalid- 
ism. Therefore, one should refrain from draw- 
ing conclusions regarding disease in others. 

Venereal diseases may be acquired by 
accident, from public drinking cups and from 
toilet seats. Therefore it is well not to use 
public drinking cups, and well to protect 
the sex organs from contact with public toilet 
seats. These diseases are very rarely caught 
in this way, however. Practically always 
they are contracted from persons having one 
or the other disease. 

Many darker pictures might here be drawn 
to show the effects of these diseases upon the 
innocent ; most physicians can tell of tragedy 
after tragedy due to venereal diseases. But 
these are not pleasant to relate, and it seems 
-unnecessary to enlarge upon the subject 
here. 

Worry. Another danger to physical 
strength and vigorous life is worry. All 



DANGERS TO VIRILITY 67 

worry is needless, useless, and harmful. It 
robs one of energy and vigor. Most boys are 
not so foolish as to worry, except when they 
do not understand an experience which comes 
into their lives at about the age of 16 to 19. 
It is a physiological experience which every 
youth should understand. 

Emissions. Inside the body near the blad- 
der are two little glands, which may be likened 
to miniature football bladders. When a boy is 
blowing up a football bladder and he lets his 
finger slip from the rubber tubing, the inward 
pressure of the walls of the bladder forces out 
all the air at once. These little glands, called 
seminal vesicles, act in a similar manner. They 
begin at about the age of 15 to 18 to fill up with 
a secretion. They get fuller and fuller until 
finally they can hold no more. Then in the 
night, during sleep, when the youth has no 
control over his body, the walls press inward 
and force out a small quantity of this secretion 
through the same passage through which the 
water from the bladder is discharged. This 



68 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

is sometimes called a wet dream. It is more 
properly called a seminal emission. It is a 
natural experience and happens sooner or 
later in the lives of all healthy boys. In some 
boys these experiences may begin at 15 or 
even earlier, in other boys they may begin as 
late as 18 or 19, or even later. At first they 
may occur only once every few months. 
When full manhood is reached at the age of 
21 to 25, emissions may still happen infre- 
quently or they may occur as often as two 
or three times a month or even oftener. 
They are also likely to be irregular. Two or 
possibly three may occur on successive nights, 
and then there may be none for a period of 
several weeks. 

The secretion of the testicles, which hang 
on the outside of the body, bears a vital rela- 
tion to virility, because this secretion is ab- 
sorbed by the blood. The secretion of the 
seminal vesicles within the body, however, is 
not needed in the development of virility, 
and it is this secretion that is occasionally 
discharged. 29 



DANGERS TO VIRILITY 69 

Cautions. If a boy or young man allows 
himself to become sexually excited, these emis- 
sions may involve the whole sexual system, and 
may happen so often as to be harmful. A short 
time ago, a football player on one of the big 
University teams began to play poorly. His 
coach investigated the trouble and found 
that the man had a suggestive picture hang- 
ing in his bedroom. The coach at once tore 
it down. 30 Pictures of this kind, suggestive 
stories, certain vaudeville acts, and all im- 
pure thinking may result in emissions at too 
frequent intervals. If one be leading a com- 
paratively inactive life physically, and fears 
he is having emissions too often, he may do 
well to add more physical exercise or manual 
labor to his daily program. If the emis- 
sions do not become less frequent, it may be 
assumed that they are occurring at natural 
intervals, provided, of course, they are not 
caused by sexual excitement during one's 
waking hours. 

It is well not to lie on the back at night or 



70 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

to drink water late in the evening. If one 
sleeps in this manner, the bladder may rest 
in a full condition on top of these little glands, 
irritate them, and thus cause an unnatural 
emission. 

Local Irritation. Occasionally, when the 
foreskin of the sex organ is long, a cheesy 
substance, which collects under the foreskin, 
causes irritation, resulting in emissions at 
too frequent intervals. This irritation may 
be prevented by drawing back the foreskin 
when bathing, and washing the organ clean. 
If the condition of the organ is such as to make 
this impossible, a trivial surgical operation 
called circumcision may be performed, if this 
be advised by the family physician. 

If the sex organ becomes hard and erect at 
times, the youth need not worry. The wise 
way is to pay no attention to it. 

Varicocele. Another needless source of 
worry is a condition called varicocele. Some- 
times the veins around the cord in the scrotum 
(the bag-shaped receptacle in which the tes- 



DANGERS TO VIRILITY 71 

tides hang) become enlarged. This is all 
there is to varicocele. It is seldom dangerous, 
though quack medical concerns call it so in 
their advertisements. Often nothing needs 
to be done ; rarely it is necessary to wear a 
suspensory ; occasionally a slight operation 
is advisable. If advice be desired, one's 
family physician or some other first-class 
doctor should be consulted. If the condition 
causes no trouble, no attention need be paid 
to it. 

Quack Doctors. Boys and young men 
should not allow the advertisements of quack 
doctors to frighten them. These men are 
scoundrels who try to frighten the ignorant 
into paying large sums of money for troubles 
which do not exist, by referring in their 
advertisements to " lost manhood," pimples 
on the face, and other things which have 
nothing to do with sexual health. Thousands 
of dollars have been wasted on these quacks 
and hundreds of boys have passed through 
periods of great worry, fearing they were 



72 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

diseased because of false ideas and misinfor- 
mation. Fortunately Social Hygiene So- 
cieties, State Medical Boards, the United 
States Government, and other agencies are 
putting these scoundrels out of business. 

Pimples. - - Many boys pass through a 
period in their lives in which they are annoyed 
by pimples on the face and other parts of the 
body. Pimples have little or nothing to do 
with the sex life and are not in any way an 
indication of venereal disease. 

Fear and worry tend to make us cowards 
and to rob us of vigor. The healthy youth, 
as a rule, need pay no attention to seminal 
emissions or to his sex organs in any way. If 
he will keep clean in mind and body and take 
good care of his general health, there will be 
no cause for fear and worry. 

Drugs. Headaches and other pains are 
danger signals and should be so regarded. 
The real cause of trouble should be studied 
instead of covered up by the use of headache 
medicines and other drugs. Some drugs not 



DANGERS TO VIRILITY 73 

only are ineffective in getting at the real 
trouble, but they cause positive injury to the 
system. Various popular headache powders, 
which contain coal-tar products, are weaken- 
ing to the heart ; death even has resulted from 
their use. Two or three widely advertised 
soda-fountain drinks also contain injurious 
drugs. Most patent medicines are to some 
extent frauds. Many times they contain 
habit-forming drugs and other injurious sub- 
stances. A wise youth will consult a reli- 
able physician when in ill health, and not 
rely on any of the much -advertised patent 
medicines. 

Throat, Eye, and Teeth Disorders. Facial 
deformities, deafness, retarded intellectual 
development, serious nervous disorders, 
stomach disease, and juvenile delinquency are 
some of the direct and indirect results of com- 
mon defects of throat, eye, and teeth. 

Adenoids are found in the back of the throat. 
By causing one to breathe through the mouth, 
they often result in the " hatchet face " and 



74 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

various disorders. Deafness and backward- 
ness in school are also traceable to adenoids. 

Sore throats are sometimes not serious, but 
so often do they prove to be an indication of 
diphtheria, scarlet fever, whooping cough, 
measles, or tonsillitis, that to-day every sore 
throat is regarded with suspicion by those 
well posted in preventive medicine. 

Eyestrain may cause indigestion and other 
serious troubles. Few things will cause a 
breakdown of the nervous system more 
swiftly and surely. It is found that many 
juvenile delinquents have defects of vision. 
The use of newspapers and books with small 
type, reading on street cars, excessive use of 
the eyes at night, attending moving picture 
theaters too frequently and sitting too close 
to the curtain are among the most common 
causes of eyes train. If we force our eyes to 
overwork in studying, we may develop eye or 
nervous trouble, and lose far more time as a 
result than we could ever gain by extra work. 

The care of the teeth is more important than 



DANGERS TO VIRILITY 75 



many suppose. Indigestion, dyspepsia, foul- 
smelling breath, aches and pains in later years 
are penalties paid by many men who neglect 
their teeth in early life. Unclean teeth de- 
tract greatly from the general appearance. 
The youth ambitious to have a clean body 
will brush his teeth often (at least each night 
and morning) in order to keep them clean, 
white, and attractive. It is well to have the 
teeth examined carefully at least twice a year. 
Decay of the teeth may thus be stopped in its 
early stages, and time, suffering, and money 
saved. 

It is of even greater importance to have the 
throat and eyes examined if there be any sus- 
picion of weakness or disorder. The youth 
should beware of danger signals. For the eyes 
an oculist (a physician who specializes in eye 
work) is probably safer than an optician. 

A consideration of these dangers to virility 
should not cause the youth to fear he will 
contract disease. It is well, when beginning 



76 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

active physical exercise of any kind, to have 
not only an inspection of heart and lungs, 
but a complete medical examination, to see if 
there be any weaknesses which need particular 
attention. If such an examination shows the 
youth to t>e in good health, he need have no 
fears. The thought to be remembered from 
this chapter is that disease is almost always 
unnecessary. Knowledge of disease shows the 
importance of healthful living. If the youth 
will train and keep himself fit, he can develop 
a high degree of bodily resistance, and he need 
have but very few, if any, sick days in his life. 



CHAPTER IV 

TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 

TRAINING is important not only to the in- 
dividual youth, but to the future generations 
which will succeed him. Every youth alive 
to-day may affect the future of hundreds of 
descendants. Those who follow him may 
be vigorous and useful citizens or they may 
be defectives and a source of great expense 
to the state. According to the training and 
the. standards of living a youth adopts in early 
life, he may be a factor in race progress or a 
factor in race degeneration. 

In 1720 there was born in New York State 
a man to whom scientists have given the name 
of Jukes. 31 He had five daughters, and 
there has been up to the present time a total 
of at least 1000 descendants. The histories 
of these descendants, together with about 

77 



78 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

200 persons who have married into the 
family, have been looked up. They have 
included : 

Professional paupers . . . . 310 
Convicted criminals . . . . 130 

Habitual thieves 60 

Murderers 7 

Victims of venereal diseases . 440 
Prostitutes .... at least 600 

Tradesmen 20 

(Of the 20, 10 learned their trades in prison.) 

Scientists who have traced the record of 
this family estimate that up to the present 
time it has cost the state of New York over 
$1,000,000. 

In 1703 there was born a boy named 
Jonathan Edwards. 32 He became a very 
able man. A few years ago, 1394 of his 
descendants had been listed. These have 
included : 

College presidents .... 13 
Judges 30 



TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 79 

Public officers (including one 
vice president of the United 
States and three United 

States senators) .... 83 

Eminent authors 60 

Physicians and surgeons . . 60 

Clergymen, missionaries, etc. . 100 

College professors .... 65 

Officers of Army and Navy . 75 

Lawyers at least 100 

Managers of railroads, banks, 

etc 15 

The striking contrast between these two 
families emphasizes the importance of learning 
the facts about heredity. It is profitable, 
therefore, to study how life is passed on from 
one generation to another, how various forms 
of life reproduce themselves. 

The Reproduction of Life. One of the 
simplest forms of life known is the single cell 
called the amoeba (see Figure 2). This little 
animal, or organism, reproduces itself by a 



80 



KEEPING IN CONDITION 




process called cell division. After the amoeba 
has grown to its full size it gradually gets 
longer, and thinner in the center. The nucleus 
in the center divides and the cell comes to have 

two distinct parts, each 
with a nucleus. Finally 
the two parts completely 
separate, resulting in 
two daughter amcebas, 
just like the parent ex- 
cept for the fact that 
they are smaller. The 
parent amoeba has re- 
produced itself. In this case the parent has 
given all of its life to its offspring. Noth- 
ing remains. Its sacrifice is said to be 
complete. 

Figure 3 represents a many-celled organ- 
ism. 33 This little animal reproduces itself 
by a process of cell division, but in this case 
it sacrifices only part of itself. The parent 
organism remains and can later reproduce 
itself again. The daughter organism becomes 



FIG. 2. Diagram showing 
cell division in the amoeba 
(highly magnified). 

P, parent cell. 
D, daughter cells. 



TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 81 




entirely separated from the parent and soon 
becomes a parent itself, capable of reproduc- 
tion. 

In the more complex many-celled organisms, 
including human beings, there are many mil- 
lions of cells. As scientists study complex 
organisms, it becomes 

M 

necessary for them to 
classify cells according 
to their uses. Among 
the many different kinds 
of cells, there are thou- 
sands known as muscle 
cells, thousands as brain 
cells, thousands as gland 

cells, and thousands as germ cells or repro- 
ductive cells. 

Figure 4 may be used to represent repro- 
duction in certain forms of animal life (for ex- 
ample, the salmon) , 33 The male (M) and also 
the female (F) are composed of millions of 
cells (many more, of course, than are shown 
in the figure). Each has muscle cells, brain 



FIG. 3. Diagram showing re- 
production in many-celled 
organism (highly magni- 
fied). 

P, parent organism. 

D, daughter organism. 



82 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

cells, and germ cells. The difference is that 
the germ cells in the female and the male are 
different. The female germ cell (O), called 
the ovum, is round in shape and passive in 
disposition; the male germ cell (S), called 




TIG. 4. Diagram (greatly idealized) showing fertilization of the ovum 

outside of the the female organism (highly magnified). 

M , male organism ; F, female organism O, ova ; S, sperms ; 

A, sperm fertilizing an ovum. 

the sperm, is shaped generally like an elon- 
gated tadpole and is active in disposition. 
Both the ova and the sperms are liberated 
from the female and male organisms before 
reproduction occurs. The sperms are at- 
tracted to the ova, and unite with them. 



TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 83 



The sperm is said to fertilize the ovum. 
This makes it capable of growth. After the 
ovum is fertilized it grows through a process 
of cell multiplication, and becomes an adult 
organism, sometimes a male and sometimes a 
female. 

In other instances (for examples, the hu- 
man organism and all mammals), the ovum 
is not at once liberated. The sperm is re- 



C 



Fio. 5. Sperm cells (highly magnified on different scales). 
A, human ; B, bird ; C, bird ; D, snail. 

leased from the male organism, however. 
Sperms are developed in the testicles of the 



84 



KEEPING IN CONDITION 



male. They are live organisms capable of mo- 
tion, and under a high-power microscope they 
may be seen propelling themselves. The sperm 
cells of various animals are shown in Figure 5. 
When reproduction occurs among mammals, 
a sperm cell which has been released from 
the male organism enters the female organism 
and fertilizes the ovum within. This is 
illustrated by Figure 6. 33 After the sperm 
unites with the ovum, the ovum thus fer- 




FIG. 6. Diagram (greatly idealized) showing fertilization of the ovum 
within the female organism (highly magnified). 

M, male organism ; F, female organism ; O, ova; S, sperms; 
A, sperm fertilizing an ovum. 



tilized develops to a certain state, when it 
frees itself from the parent and continues its 



TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 85 

growth in the outside world. It, in turn, 
becomes an adult organism, male or female, 
as the case may be. 

While in the more complex forms of life 
the male and female parents sacrifice but 
little of their own lives in liberating germ 
cells from their bodies, the nourishment and 
care which they give to their offspring in- 
volve far more sacrifice than is ever required 
of the simpler organisms. Sometimes the 
female (as among the birds) must deposit a 
large amount of food within a shell, so that 
the ovum, shut up within, can grow and 
achieve sufficient strength to break loose 
from its covering and obtain food for itself. 
In other instances (as in human beings) the 
female must carry the growing ovum within 
its own body, protect it, and nourish it for a 
period ranging from a few weeks to many 
months. As will be seen later, the human 
father and mother sacrifice more for their 
offspring than do all other forms of life. 

It will now be interesting and profitable 



86 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

to see how these laws apply to particular 
forms of life with which we are familiar. 

Reproduction in Plant Life. The most 
beautiful part of the plant, the flower, con- 
tains the reproductive organs of the plant. 
The male germ cells develop from the yellow 
pollen, which is readily noticed in most 
flowers. The female germ cells, or the ova, 
are found at the base of the central organ, 
the pistil, in a receptacle called the ovary. 
When the flower is in full bloom, it is ready 
to do its part in reproducing the plant. 
Flowers have no control over the process of 
reproduction, but are entirely dependent upon 
other forces, especially upon the wind and 
upon the work of insects. 

The lily furnishes a good illustration of 
reproduction in plant life. Reproduction in 
this plant may be brought to pass by the in- 
dustry of the bee. All the lily blossoms have 
a number of short stems, called stamens, in 
the swollen ends of which the pollen grows 
(see Figure 7). As the bee works from one 



TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 87 



flower to another, accidentally, as far as it is 
concerned, it gets pollen on its body. When 
it flies to another flower, the pollen brushes 
off on to the sticky end of the pistil. From 
the pollen grains, little germ cells move down 
through the pistil 
into the ovary, 
where they ferti- 
lize the ova. The 
ova thus fertilized 
become growing 
seeds. Then as the 
summer advances, 
the petals of the 
flower droop and 
fall, the ovary 
becomes a seed 
pod, the seeds 
grow larger and larger, and soon are ready 
to be gathered. If planted the following 
spring, they will produce plants which will 
bear flowers like the one from which they 
came. If one is able to study all of this with 




FIG. 7. Diagram showing cross sec- 
tion of lily. 

O, ova ; Po, pollen grains ; 
S, stamens ; P, pistil ; Pe, petals. 



88 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

the use of a microscope in a laboratory, one 
gets a much better idea of the beauty and 
wonder of the whole process. All flowering 
plants are dependent upon insects, the wind, 
and other natural agencies for their reproduc- 
tion. No plant can choose whether or not it 
will reproduce itself. 34 

Reproduction in Animal Life. Salmon 
furnish interesting examples of reproduction 
in animal life. They are found along both 
the eastern and western coasts of the United 
States, but are the most plentiful in the fresh- 
water streams flowing into the Pacific Ocean. 
The salmon born in these rivers start down 
stream for the sea as soon as they are about 
an inch and a half in length. There they 
grow and develop for a period of from two 
to four years. When they are fully matured 
and when springtime comes, they swim back 
into the fresh-water streams, and often 
through rapids and up over falls. They go 
on and on till they finally reach shallow water, 
where the female digs a nest in the sand and 



TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 89 

lays a quantity of ova from her body. The 
male then swims over the nest and pours 
from his body a few drops of fluid containing 
sperms. These sperms fertilize the ova. The 
male and female work, first one and then the 
other, for about two weeks, until the average 
female has laid about 6000 eggs. 

All this time they have been so intent on 
their work that they have eaten nothing 
in fact they have hardly stopped to eat all 
the way up from the ocean, so that now they 
are much exhausted from lack of food and 
from the process of reproduction. They drift 
downstream, but none ever reach the ocean 
alive. They give up their lives for their 
young. They sacrifice life itself in obeying 
the race instinct and in fulfilling the laws of 
reproduction. In the meantime, a small per 
cent of the eggs which have been fertilized 
hatch out young fish, who in their turn, if 
they are not eaten by larger fish, swim to 
the ocean, where they develop into fine, big 
salmon. 



90 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

It was seen that flowering plants are de- 
pendent upon bees, the wind, and other out- 
side forces for their perpetuation. Animals 
reproduce their kind through the working 
out of the race instinct within them, and are 
not dependent upon other agencies. 34 

Reproduction in Human Life. Human re- 
production is on a much higher plane. In 
some respects, however, the process is similar 
to that in the flower. Within the body of 
the human mother there are two ovaries 
which produce ova at intervals of about 
twenty -eight days. When a sperm from the 
male sex organs unites with an ovum within 
the body of the mother, the ovum thus fer- 
tilized begins at once to develop. This is the 
beginning of a new individual life. It con- 
tinues to grow month after month, carefully 
protected by the mother and nourished by 
the blood from her heart, until, after nine 
months, it is born a new human life into the 
world. This means suffering and sacrifice 
on the part of the mother ; but she thinks of 



TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 91 

it rather as a privilege than as a sacrifice. 
So intensely does she love the new life she 
has had a part in creating, she is willing and 
glad to undergo suffering for it. After birth, 
the mother feeds the child with her own milk, 
clothes and shelters it, nurses it when sick, 
and in a multitude of ways gives of her 
strength and of her very life, because of her 
great love for it. 

In a true man, the beauty and wonder of 
it all awakens tenderness and a protective 
sense toward all women and girls. Not only 
is he inspired by the sacredness of mother- 
hood, but also by the solemnity of fatherhood. 
The power to be a parent in the creation of 
life brings to men a wonderful and sacred 
responsibility. 

While reproduction in most plant life is 
dependent upon outside agencies and while 
animals reproduce almost entirely under the 
control of the reproductive instinct, when the 
plane of human life is reached, it is found 
not only that man has been endowed with 



92 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

this race instinct, but that he has acquired 
the power to control it to a far greater extent 
than have the animals. In this respect, he is 
far above them. 34 

The Transmission of Characteristics. It 
has been shown how we transmit life from one 
generation to another. Now it is important 
to inquire what characteristics, such as genius, 
perseverance, disease, and insanity, may be 
transmitted to future generations. The laws 
of heredity have not yet been fully deter- 
mined by scientists, but a few facts are 
known which are important for us to under- 
stand. 

Characteristics Already in the Family. 
Evidence is accumulating to show that such 
characteristics as feeble-mindedness, insanity, 
and criminal tendencies, on the one hand, and 
resistance to disease, inventive genius, musi- 
cal ability, and strong moral qualities, on the 
other hand, are all transmitted to future 
generations when these characteristics are 
represented in the germ cell. It should be 



TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 93 

understood, however, that, according to the 
best scientific facts at our command, ac- 
quired characteristics are not transmitted to 
any measurable extent. If there be in- 
ventive ability in a boy's family, he may 
transmit this ability to his children. But if 
there be no ability of this kind in him or 
among his ancestors, he cannot alter the 
germ cell and introduce inventive ability into 
the family even by hard study. 35 Sometimes, 
however, inventive ability is concealed in the 
family stock for several generations, so a 
youth may become an inventor even if his 
father and grandfathers have shown no such 
ability. 

An appreciation of the fact that both desir- 
able and undesirable characteristics are trans- 
mitted to future generations should make 
both young men and young women careful 
about marriage. It involves a serious risk 
socially for those belonging to families hav- 
ing tendencies towards feeble-mindedness, 
idiocy, or insanity, to marry, because they 



94 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

may bring, and often do bring, into the world 
children with these characteristics. It is 
socially advantageous for men and women 
gifted with desirable characteristics to marry 
and to reproduce children which will be simi- 
larly gifted. 

Possibilities of Damaging the Family Stock. 
Now it is important to consider if it be 
possible so to change the germ cell as to 
damage the family stock. There is some 
evidence to show that the use of alcohol by 
the parent may affect the germ cell and 
thereby injure the offspring. 36 Observations 
tend to show that syphilis may change the 
germ cell and thus damage the family stock. 
One physician examined 90 syphilitic families. 
He found that 8 of these families produced 
no children. Among the remaining 82 
families, reproduction started in 350 in- 
stances. The results were as follows : 91 
were prematurely born in an imperfect 
condition, 10 were born dead, 66 died very 
young, and 183 lived. Of these that lived, it 



TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 95 

was found that at least 83 were diseased. 37 
Investigations have convinced many scien- 
tists that syphilis can and sometimes does 
damage the germ cell. Whether this will be 
proved later or not, it is unquestionably true 
that a large proportion of children of parents 
who have syphilis become imbecile or insane. 
In this connection it should also be remem- 
bered that many children become blind im- 
mediately after birth, because of gonorrhea. 

The Transmission of Standards of Living. 
A youth, when he marries, may pass on to the 
next generation not only the desirable and the 
undesirable characteristics mentioned, but 
also certain customs and standards of living. 
If a youth establishes habits of eating 
properly, of getting sufficient rest, and of 
exercising freely in the fresh air, in all prob- 
ability when he marries, these customs will be 
continued, and his children will enjoy similar 
advantages, and become healthy men and 
women. A youth who keeps in training, who 
establishes a healthful home, and who has 



96 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

strong, vigorous children, becomes an effective 
factor in race progress. 

The Control of the Sex Instinct. The sex 
instinct may be a great blessing or a source 
of destruction depending upon man's con- 
trol of it. If it be not understood and if it 
be not controlled, diseases may be contracted 
which sometimes handicap one or more suc- 
ceeding generations. 

The nature of the sex instinct may be 
understood by referring to various natural 
phenomena. Fire is a great blessing to man- 
kind. It warms our houses and cooks our 
food. Up in the mountains, after a day's 
hard climb on the trail, its warmth cheers 
the campers, it cooks their suppers and keeps 
them comfortable through the chilly evening 
hours. It may be a great comfort to them 
while it is under control ; but if it gets beyond 
their control, it may cause ruin, - - the loss 
of thousands of dollars' worth of timber, or 
the loss of the lives of fire fighters. 

So, also, a spirited horse is a great prize. 



TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 97 

It is a joy for a man to ride him, and feel his 
fine strength and vigor under his control as 
he guides him this way and that, and com- 
mands him to run or to walk. But beyond 
his control, the horse may kill him. 

It is a fine thing to have temper, to be 
capable of becoming angry. It adds a cer- 
tain desirable quality to the courage and 
will power of a man. But a man must con- 
trol his temper, or it may some day control 
him ; and under its control he may commit an 
act he will forever after regret. 

At many points in the Rocky and Cascade 
Mountains, engineers have found mountain 
streams fed by the melting snows, rushing 
uncontrolled to the rivers and thence to the 
sea. By building great concrete dams at 
advantageous points, their flow has been 
checked, and great quantities of water stored 
up above these dams. It is directed into 
conduits, which take it into turbines, where 
it generates electric power for lighting homes 
and business houses, for running street cars, 



98 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

and driving great dynamos in factories. If 
it be simply checked, the accumulation may 
cause damage. In order to utilize the power, 
the engineers must not only hold back the 
water but they must direct it through the 
conduits to the turbines. 

As in the realm of natural phenomena 
control means the development of power, so 
in human life, the control of the sex instinct 
enables youths to develop greater virility 
than would be possible without control. 
But as the dammed-up water must be di- 
rected, as the spirited horse must be guided, 
and as temper must be given an outlet along 
safe lines, so it is not enough to repress the 
sex instinct; it too must be directed into 
constructive activities. The idle youth is on 
dangerous ground. As Charles Wagner re- 
minds us, " Work is life, idleness is death." 

Let the youth throw his energies, his en- 
thusiasm, the whole flow of his life into 
athletics, art, music, religion, into club activity, 
into his studies, into the vocation of his choos- 



TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 99 

ing, into any activity which is constructive, 
and he thereby utilizes a great force which, 
as an immature boy, had not been at his 
command. Thus life for the youth may be 
made richer and fuller, and thus he may 
gain a capacity for enjoying the great and 
beautiful things of life, hitherto impossible. 

The Fight for Control. As a boy develops 
and acquires manhood, sometimes the race 
instinct asserts itself so strongly that he is 
tempted to gratify it by association with im- 
moral girls or women who may or may not 
be professional prostitutes. 

He who yields to this instinct debases love, 
the finest, highest, and greatest thing in all 
life, and sinks to the level of the beasts. 
Love in youth may be confused with lust. 
Each has its root in the sex or race instinct. 
The one is noble and divine, the other is 
beastlike. David Starr Jordan says, " Just 
as honest love is the most powerful influence 
for good that can enter into a man's life, so 
is love's counterfeit (lust) the most disin- 



100 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

tegrating. Love's arch foe is lust." 38 At 
the very start, there must be no question as 
to which one is to rule. They cannot both 
endure. 

Furthermore, the boy or man yielding to 
this temptation may contract one of the 
venereal diseases before mentioned. There 
have been so many lovely girls injured for 
life by these diseases that fathers and brothers 
of girls have begun to demand some assurance 
of the young men whom their daughters and 
sisters marry that they are clean. A few 
states now require a certificate showing free- 
dom from these diseases before a marriage 
license will be issued. Men who evade this 
law by getting a license in a neighboring state 
are likely to be either ignorant or vicious. 
They are not men whom most youths would 
want their sisters to marry. 

It should be understood that sexual inter- 
course is not necessary to physical health. 
Ignorant men often hold that it is, and some 
doctors whose education is deficient may say 



TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 101 

that it is advisable. The best physicians con- 
demn this doctrine. A few years ago, 360 
of the foremost medical authorities of lead- 
ing American universities signed a statement 
declaring that there is no evidence that 
abstinence is " inconsistent with the highest 
physical, mental, and moral efficiency." 39 
Many who have been deceived by this false, 
out-of-date idea have found out later, at the 
expense of much suffering, that sexual inter- 
course has meant for them not health but 
disease. When a prize fighter is training for 
a fight and needs every bit of endurance and 
energy and courage he can command, his 
trainer keeps him away from anything of 
this kind., Thousands of fathers of healthy 
families have been as continent before mar- 
riage as the pure women they have married. 

If passion or instinct at times seems in- 
sistent, let the youth hurry from the surround- 
ings which tempt, and throw his whole life, 
body, mind, and soul, into a strenuous game, 
or into some other wholesome and absorbing 



102 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

activity, and he will find that passion is di- 
verted and becomes a source of added energy, 
courage, and vigor in the activity into which 
he has, for the time, thrown his life. 

When Ulysses' ship passed the Isle of 
Sirens, he had himself tied to the mast so that 
he might not be enticed by the singing of the 
sirens. Orpheus was able to pass by this point 
of danger to Ulysses with obvious indifference, 
because he was able to produce such beautiful 
music as to make their music sound discord- 
ant. So, by cultivating wholesome interests, 
enthusiasms, and affections in their lives, 
men may crowd out base passions. 

With some men, to live clean may mean 
hard fighting. Some seem to be handicapped 
by more passion than is given to most men. 
Fierce fighting, then, is the lot of such a youth. 
This may be, an unknown friend suggests, 
; * the biggest fight ever waged by man a 
fight in secret without applause," a fight 
requiring self-control and will power, a deter- 
mination not to yield till he can go joyfully 



TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 103 

and clean into marriage with the one woman he 
is willing to wait for. 

'Sex instinct, then, is a great blessing ; it is 
not, if properly controlled, a destructive force 
in life, but a great constructive force given 
to the youth at the threshold of his manhood. 
Directed, this new force in the life of the youth 
brings richer and fuller life, greater capacity 
and power for love, and a quality of muscular 
strength, courage, energy, endurance, and will 
power not possible in early boyhood. 

Attitude towards Womanhood. A youth 
should regard all girls as the future mothers 
of the race and should join all mankind in 
paying homage to motherhood. The world 
owes a great debt to mothers. It bows in 
reverence before their self-sacrificing love. 

It is a fine thing for a boy to associate with 
a winsome girl, but the association must be 
wholesome. A girl may inspire him to noble 
deeds and accomplishments. But familiarity 
breeds contempt, and sometimes worse things. 
The boy who boasts of the number of girls he 



104 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

can fondle and kiss is far from being a gentle- 
man. Such familiarity is dangerous. In the 
first place, it may excite passion in the boy 
to the point where he may then or later lose 
control of himself; secondly, it may excite 
passion in the girl to a dangerous point ; 
thirdly, if neither boy nor girl is immediately 
harmed, at least the boy breaks down or 
helps break down the girl's modesty and 
reserve, which is one of her choicest assets, 
and thereby he may unknowingly prepare 
the way for some vicious scoundrel who will 
take advantage of her easy manner and ruin 
her life. A man is a coward who, by his 
conduct, makes it necessary for a girl to 
restrain her own sex impulses and his also. 
A youth should treat every girl as he expects 
other fellows to treat his own sister. 

In an accident at sea, with crew and pas- 
sengers hurrying to the life boats, the rule 
for every man is " women and children first." 
So careful are men to protect them from danger 
that they hold in contempt the coward who 



TRAINING AND RACE PROGRESS 105 

tries to save his own life ahead of the women 
and children. Consistency and sincerity de- 
mand that men should always protect women- 
kind from danger. 

In order that boys may always be courteous 
and avoid urging girl friends to undertake 
sports and other activities which, at the time, 
may be injurious, they should understand that 
girls at about the age of thirteen also experi- 
ence important changes in their lives. At this 
time, they pass from girlhood to womanhood ; 
their forms change and the mother instinct 
comes into their lives. Then begins what is 
called the " monthly sickness " which lasts 
several days every month. During this period 
the girl is unusually sensitive to exercise and 
also to anything tending to irritate her. 
She needs more rest than usual. The chival- 
rous youth who understands this will refrain 
from urging girl friends to undertake any 
activity when they prefer to be quiet. 

The youth between the ages of fifteen and 
eighteen should think but little of marriage. 



106 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

He should center his attention upon develop- 
ing a strong body and upon preparation for 
his life work. These things in themselves 
constitute fine preparation for marriage. One 
ideal, however, should be woven firmly into 
his very life, one principle should govern his 
daily conduct. Knowing the facts, the youth 
who is true to his manhood will resolve that 
he will give his future wife as clean a life as 
he expects in her. Though he may have but 
few principles, at least he believes in fair 
play and he despises cheating. As a matter 
of fair play, he will adopt for his own life the 
same standards he demands in the girl he 
will some day marry. 

Thus it is seen that training is important, 
not only to the youth himself, but to his 
children, and his children's children. The 
spark of life is to be accepted as a sacred trust, 
to be transmitted undimmed to future genera- 
tions. The youth's habits of life may deter- 
mine the success or failure of many others. 



CHAPTER V 

TRAINING AND NATIONAL PROGRESS 

WHILE specialized training fits a youth for 
a place on a football, baseball, or track team, 
a larger program of training fits him for a 
useful place in the work of the nation of which 
he is soon to find himself a citizen. 

He will soon face various social and political 
problems upon which he must take a stand. 
He must be against child labor and against 
graft in politics or his very indifference may 
act in their favor. He must be for a clean city 
and for good schools or his very inactivity may 
result in an immoral and unenlightened city in 
which his children must grow up. He may 
become a powerful factor in national progress 
because of faithful training through youth. 

National Dangers Call for Virile Men. 
While strength of muscle, courage, self-con- 

107 



108 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

trol, energy, determination, and endurance 
were demanded of the great men of the past 
in wars and other crises in history, these vital 
qualities are needed in even higher degree 
to-day. 

To-day, special problems call for virile 
men. Great wrongs exist in our country 
which we would hardly believe possible. 
Children labor long hours in cotton mills, 
glass factories, and coal mines, deprived of the 
joys of boyhood and girlhood, even of proper 
nourishment and rest. In the coal breakers, 
boys bend over coal chutes for long hours, 
their backs aching as they pick out the slate 
and stone amid the dust and roar of the moving 
coal. In the cotton mills, girl " spinners " 
walk up and down loiig aisles, quickly tying 
threads together when they break. 40 The 
work of boys in the glass factories of the East 
is particularly hard and injurious. Mr. Owen 
R. Lovejoy of the National Child Labor Com- 
mittee several years ago calculated the work 
done by the boys whose task was to carry 




Photograph from the National Child Labor Committee. 

A WORKER IN THE COTTON MILLS 



TRAINING AND NATIONAL PROGRESS 109 

red-hot bottles from benches to oven. He 
found by counting the number of trips and the 
distance, that in eight hours they traveled 
nearly twenty-two miles, constantly on a 
slow run. Some of them were under twelve 
years of age, and for this work they were paid 
from sixty cents to a dollar per day. 41 While 
recent legislation has raised the age limit at 
which children can be employed, conditions 
are still serious. 

Hundreds of boys in our great cities, de- 
prived of legitimate play and recreation, 
seek adventure in petty forms of mischief, 
which often brings them into the Juvenile 
Court. Many of these are thus brought into 
contact with serious crime, and develop into 
real criminals. 

In New York, a half million men, women, 
and children are crowded into ill-lighted and 
ill-ventilated rooms. There are 10,000 deaths 
a year in New York City from tuberculosis 
alone. If, year after year, in one little 
district 10,000 men were killed in battle, the 



110 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

world would arise and stop it. Tuberculosis 
is preventable, and if these thousands could 
have proper nourishment, air, and light, most 
of this suffering would soon be stopped. 
The greed of tenement and sweatshop owners 
is killing thousands. 42 

Strikes have become a great source of 
human suffering. It has been estimated that 
during the twenty years ending 1900 there 
were nearly 24,000 strikes and lockouts, 
causing a loss of over three hundred million 
dollars to employees and nearly one half this 
amount to employers. Every great strike 
leads some men to drink, others to petty thiev- 
ing or vagrancy ; some to abandoning their 
families. 43 All this loss and suffering may be 
prevented in the future by establishing a 
friendly relationship between capital and 
labor. 

A more serious problem is unemployment. 
Although persons who do not understand this 
evil may say that the unemployed can get 
work if they wish, and although unemployed 



TRAINING AND NATIONAL PROGRESS 111 

individuals may commit acts we cannot 
approve, nevertheless, the fact remains that 
thousands are hungry and ill-clad each winter 
in our cities because they cannot find work. 

Many a young man becomes a slave to 
alcohol, loses his position, and reduces his 
family to poverty and hardship. Thus, thou- 
sands of innocent women and children suffer. 
Further, there are the problems of crime, war, 
poverty, the social evil, disease, and various 
great economic problems. 

These evils are not, as some uninformed 
people may say, " necessary evils." Re- 
forms along these lines will doubtless be 
opposed by complacent people, especially by 
capitalists who are becoming rich under 
present conditions. Opposition is to be ex- 
pected. In the beginning of the nineteenth 
century, when little children were being driven 
by whips to the cotton looms, and when women 
worked in the coal mines, the owners insisted 
that proposed reform laws would ruin in- 
dustry. 44 Slavery used to be considered a 



112 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

necessary evil ; many diseases used to be con- 
sidered necessary evils which to-day are either 
preventable or curable. So none of these 
other evils are " necessary evils." They are 
problems to challenge all the powers of the 
most vigorous and capable men which the 
country can produce. 

While it requires ability and courage of high 
rank to save one man from a burning building 
or from drowning, and while men rejoice in 
such heroic rescues, it is a nobler service to 
combat those evil agencies which threaten 
the health and happiness and the very lives 
of hundreds of the weak. Facing bullets is 
child's play compared with facing criticism, 
unpopularity, even social ostracism, as men 
of convictions sometimes have to, when they 
undertake to correct these evils. Such enter- 
prises require ability and courage of a higher 
order. 

The Relation of Training to these Problems. 
Nations cannot meet dangers, solve prob- 
lems, and make progress without men who keep 



TRAINING AND NATIONAL PROGRESS 113 

in training. William E. Gladstone was a man 
who trained and kept fit, thus enabling him- 
self to serve his country in times of great need. 
Gladstone as a boy played cricket and foot- 
ball. His favorite recreation was boating. 
He was also a great walker, which he con- 
tinued to be through life. In later life, 
pressed with the responsibilities of high office, 
in order to keep himself fit, he gave a whole 
hour daily to exercise. As a man he was 
about middle height, broad shouldered, and 
muscular. He had great physical strength 
and enjoyed remarkably good health. He was 
a man with wonderful capacity for work, he 
had a brilliant intellect, rendered great serv- 
ice to his country, and lived to the age of 
eighty -nine. 

Lincoln, by keeping himself in condition, 
was able to meet tremendous demands upon 
his strength, and, by the power of his virility, 
meet dangers and solve problems which would 
have downed a weaker man. 

So the youth must train not only for the sake 



114 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

of winning honors for his school, but in order 
that later he may be fit to take up the fight in one 
capacity or another against the dangers which 
threaten his nation. As the football games of 
Rugby and Eton (famous schools in England) 
are said to have developed the grit and tenac- 
ity that changed defeat to victory at Water- 
loo, so may vigorous athletics and conscien- 
tious training to-day serve our youth well in 
later years, as they take up the battles of 
citizenship. 45 Fighters are needed for this 
warfare with a quality of virility greater than 
that demanded by any war in history. 

Various Types of Service. There are 
numerous ways in which men may serve. 
In the first place, men are needed in the world 
of commerce and trade, not to get rich at any 
cost, but to render a definite service to man- 
kind. He who employs men and women 
under wholesome and cheerful surroundings 
to manufacture a useful product, who pays 
them fair wages and sells the product of their 
labor to the public at a fair profit, without 



TRAINING AND NATIONAL PROGRESS 115 

adulteration or short weight, renders such a 
service. He who will not pay a living wage, 
who provides quarters for his employees not 
fit for live stock, who sells at exorbitant profits 
products grossly misrepresented and detri- 
mental to health and life is much worse than a 
bad citizen. He is a robber, perhaps a mur- 
derer, and should be so regarded by the law. 

Business men are also greatly needed in 
public office. Some men seem content to 
manage a large bank or other business, when 
they might be doing a far finer, bigger, and 
more serviceable thing in administering the 
affairs of an entire city. 

George Peabody was a successful business 
man who devoted his money to the common 
good. He became a big wholesale merchant in 
America, and in 1837, at the age of forty -two, 
established himself as a banker in London. 
There he made a great fortune. A large 
proportion of it he gave to colleges and 
churches in America and to improve the con- 
dition of the poor in London. He tore down 



116 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

blocks of miserable tenements and built model 
homes in which people could live decently 
at reasonable expense. 46 

George W. Childs, while working in a book- 
store as a boy, made the positive decision that 
he would some day own the Philadelphia 
Ledger. His good health and cheerful, opti- 
mistic spirit were important aids to later 
success. At the age of nineteen he went into 
business for himself, and at thirty-five pur- 
chased the Ledger. This took courage; for 
the year before the owners of the paper had 
lost $150,000. He immediately set about 
to make the Ledger a clean paper, excluding 
scandal and illegitimate advertising. He was 
successful and became a millionaire. He 
treated his employees generously, and for 
years made gifts of money at the rate of a 
thousand dollars a day. His life was full 
of deeds of service. 46 

But the producer, artisan, and laborer have 
an equally essential function in the great field 
of commerce and trade. Men are needed 



TRAINING AND NATIONAL PROGRESS 117 

on the farm to produce the world's food, in 
the mines and forests to take other forms of 
wealth from the earth ; artisans and mechanics 
are needed in shop and factory, in city and 
country, as we strive for national progress. 
All honor is due the man who creates and pro- 
duces wealth by the sweat of his brow. The 
man who goes through life living off the earn- 
ings of his father or other relative without any 
attempt to make himself useful is but a para- 
site. Incidentally, it may be said that many 
of the best all-round boys in high school are 
those who are not afraid of work, but get out 
into the fields at harvesting time, into fac- 
tories, and into any honest work which will 
pay them in experience and money, whether 
or not their education depends upon their 
earning their expenses. 

In November, 1913, William Carr, an 
engineer, was in charge of a passenger train 
running between New York and Philadelphia. 
When about forty miles from New York, the 
steam chest exploded and instantly enveloped 



118 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

him in scalding steam and water. His agony 
must have been intense, but his mind worked 
clearly ; he was able instantly to throw on 
the emergency brakes and close the throttle 
before falling unconscious to the floor. So 
strong was his sense of responsibility that, 
when danger came, his mind worked almost 
automatically. William Carr combined two 
qualities, a feeling of responsibility and a love 
for his work. These qualities lift work above 
drudgery, make it a pleasure, and bring to life 
a deep satisfaction. 47 Among the producers 
of the world we find deeds of valor and 
courage to equal those which inspire us from 
the pages of history. 

In the second place., men are needed in the 
professions and in the sciences for work in 
which special training is necessary. In order 
to be effective, movements in social reform 
must be backed by men who are trained and 
capable and who are recognized as authorities. 
Physicians, educators, lawyers, and scientists, 
by entering the fight for national progress, may 



TRAINING AND NATIONAL PROGRESS 119 

render a type of service as noble as that of any 
general who ever led a charge in battle. An 
increasing number of positions in private 
organizations and institutions and in city, 
state, and federal governments are opening to 
professional men. Men are needed also in the 
field of science who will willingly throw their 
lives into their work, understanding that 
they may be taking risks, that " there is a 
corpse by the side of every great discovery," 
and that there are " blood stains on every 
great invention." 

To Cyrus W. Field came the idea of uniting 
Europe and America by cable. Many men 
said the plan was visionary, and it was; 
visions generally precede great accomplish- 
ments. He spent thirteen years of hard labor, 
crossing the Atlantic forty times to interest 
men of science and wealth. At last the cable 
was ready, was loaded on a ship, and was laid. 
Soon word came that it had parted in mid- 
ocean. Thousands said, " I told you so " ; 
but Field spent two years more preparing 



120 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

for a second trial. Again it broke. But the 
third time he was successful. Thus he gave 
to the world a great instrument in bringing 
about a spirit of brotherhood among men. 46 

Many professional men have rendered great 
services to the world. Among those in the 
medical profession, Lord Lister discovered the 
value of antiseptics. By keeping secret his 
discovery he might have made himself 
wealthy. But he gave his discovery to the 
world. It has been a greater factor in saving 
life than anything else in the treatment of 
surgical disease. In this profession no man 
is considered in good repute who patents any 
instrument or device or drug. He is expected 
to give what he discovers, as soon as its value 
is demonstrated, freely to the world. 

Men are especially needed to train them- 
selves for definite fields of social reform. 
Experts are needed in the fields of child labor, 
juvenile delinquency, the liquor traffic, the 
prevention of disease, prison reform, unem- 
ployment, charity and relief, immigration, 



TRAINING AND NATIONAL PROGRESS 

in Y. M. C. A. and modern church work, 
and in all lines of organized service. Con- 
nected with our great colleges and universities 
are schools of civics and sociology, to which an 
increasing number of the brightest men in 
the country are going for special training. 

Jacob A. Riis became one of New York's 
most useful citizens as a newspaper reporter. 
He exposed the conditions of New York City's 
water supply, which might have caused a 
serious epidemic of typhoid fever, and brought 
about the installation of a new system. He 
threw his life into a fight against the slum with 
all its evils, and a dozen blocks of the foulest 
tenements in the city were destroyed. One of 
the worst of these blocks was turned into a 
park. He worked against police lodging 
houses and against child labor. Riis believed 
in the power of fact and in the goodness of 
the people. As a newspaper reporter he 
brought the facts before the people and reform 
resulted. Much of the time he fought almost 
single handed, but he was right, and because 



122 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

he fought faithfully and would not give up, 
he won out. 48 

Choosing a Vocation. The youth who is 
keeping himself in training for a life of useful 
service should be careful not to handicap his 
usefulness by drifting into his life work. A 
man's vocation or life work should be de- 
liberately and carefully chosen in reference, 
first, to the opportunities in various fields, 
and second, to his own adaptability. After 
a vocation is chosen, thorough preparation 
should be achieved although it may require 
a considerable sacrifice. This may mean a 
college course, and sometimes a professional 
course. Records of the unemployed show 
that lack of training means a great disad- 
vantage to the man who wishes to make a 
place for himself in the work of the world. 

A high school or college career brings the 
student not only benefit but responsibility ; 
and a man who would play fair will strive 
to give back to the world in generous service 
something of what he has received from it. 



TRAINING AND NATIONAL PROGRESS 123 

President Eliot of Harvard University said 
that none but the serviceable man can rightly 
be called successful. 

The Need of the Hour. As never before, 
men are hearing the call to service. Men 
high in public office, strong successful busi- 
ness men, leading professional men, and 
young men equipped with the best training 
our universities can give them, are attacking 
the problems of the day with determination 
and courage. Representatives and senators 
in state and national governments are fight- 
ing for reform legislation. Municipalities are 
appointing vice commissions in an effort to 
reduce the social evil, and are appropriating 
money to fight tuberculosis. State and federal 
attorneys are leading noble fights against 
public wrongs. Great gains are being made. 
But the battle has just begun, and the need 
for men of vigor and leadership is the greatest 
need of the hour. Men are wanted who have 
the courage to face the evils of the day. 
The policy " to take the world as we find it " 



124 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

is the policy of the helpless, the selfish, and 
cowardly. Animals have to take the world 
as they find it. Men do not. 49 

Right in American high schools are evil 
conditions which do not have to be accepted. 
Often there are dishonesty, dissipation, and 
low moral standards. High school life, as 
well as public life, needs men of vigor, cour- 
age, and leadership to bring about higher 
standards. 

Students of history realize that the United 
States of America faces grave dangers which 
threaten the success of the Republic. Other 
great nations have risen and endured for 
three to five hundred years, and have suc- 
cumbed to decay from within and their 
enemies from without. Our nation is still in 
its youth ; it is less than a hundred and fifty 
years old. Will it endure ? One of our great 
men of the present day asks, Will some his- 
torian of another race " sit by the shore of the 
Pacific in the year A.D. 3000 and write on 
* The Decline and Fall of the Christian Em- 



TRAINING AND NATIONAL PROGRESS 125 

pire'? If so, he will probably describe the 
nineteenth and twentieth centuries as the 
golden age when outwardly life flourished as 
never before, but when decay was already 
far advanced." 50 

As in -the past national immorality has 
meant national decadence, so will it in the 
future; and as in the past national purity 
has meant national power, so will it to our 
nation. As Charles Kingsley said, " It was 
not the mere muscle of the Teuton which 
enabled him to crush the decrepit and de- 
bauched slave nations. It had given him 
more, that purity of his : it had given him, 
as it may give you, gentlemen, a calm and 
steady brain and a free and loyal heart ; the 
energy which springs from health ; the self- 
respect which comes from self-restraint ; and 
the spirit which shrinks from neither God nor 
man, and feels it light to die for wife and 
child, for people and for Queen." 61 

In 1776 and 1861 great wars called for 
brave men to die for their country. To-day, 



126 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

brave men are needed to live for their coun- 
try. A higher type of patriotism is required 
than ever before. Men of strong muscle, 
endurance, energy, courage, self-control, and 
determination, men who have conserved their 
strength, men who have trained and who 
have kept themselves fit, are now wanted to 
take up the fight against the dangers which 
threaten us from within, that our nation may 
endure and realize in some degree the hopes 
of mankind. 



SELECTED BOOKS 

Training and Virility 

1. ATHLETIC TRAINING. Michael C. Murphy, 

Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Price $1.00. 
The late "Mike" Murphy, as he was affectionately 
called by his friends, held a high reputation as a trainer 
at Yale and Pennsylvania. He first introduced the 
crouching start for sprints, and, more than any other 
man, has made training a science. This book is 
doubtless the best one published on the subject. In 
addition to introductions by Dr. R. Tait McKenzie, 
by the Editor, and by the Author, which athletes should 
not pass over without reading, there are twenty-one 
chapters on the various sprints, jumps, and other track 
and field events. 

2. MANUAL OF PERSONAL HYGIENE. Louis J. 

Cooke, M.D., H. W. Wilson Co., Minneapolis. 
Price 90 cents. 

This little book of 90 pages has been used by the 
freshman class of the University of Minnesota. It 
deals with physical exercise, corrective gymnastics, 
bathing, nutrition, first aid to the injured, and in- 

127 



128 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

fectious diseases. It is written in a clear style and is 
reliable. 

3. THE HEALTH MASTER. Samuel Hopkins Adams, 

Houghton Mifflin Co. Price $1.35 net. 
The story of a physician who goes to live with a 
family to teach them how to live healthfully and avoid 
disease in preference to treating them after they be- 
come sick. There is a boy in the story who plays base- 
ball and patronizes the soda fountain too often ; also 
other interesting characters. 

4. FIRST AID TO THE INJURED General Edition. 

Major Charles Lynch, American National Red 
Cross. Price 30 cents. 

This small volume tells what to do before the doctor 
comes in case of drowning, fracture, sprain, dislocation, 
shock, poisoning, fainting, sunstroke, and other acci- 
dents. It is concise and reliable. 

5. THE BOY SCOUT HIKE BOOK. Edward Cave, 

Doubleday, Page & Co. Price 50 cents net. 
This book is written by a man who himself is an 
experienced hiker. It will be valuable to all who 
know the joys of the road, regardless of their interest 
in the Boy Scout movement. It tells about packs, 
grub, tents, care of the feet, and the mysteries of 
field, stream, and forest. 



SELECTED BOOKS 129 

Virility in Fiction 

6. THE CRISIS. Winston Churchill, Grosset & Dun- 

lap. Price 50 cents. 

This is the story of a young lawyer who lived at the 
time of the Civil War. He had convictions hi regard 
to public questions, was true to them, and was brought 
into experiences requiring vigorous action and a high 
quality of courage. 

7. THE DOCTOR. Ralph Connor, Grosset & Dunlap. 

Price 50 cents. 

A book of action, of love, and of service. It tells of 
a fight in defense of a woman's good name, and of many 
thrilling incidents of life in the country and in the woods. 

8. THE THREE GODFATHERS. Peter B. Kyne, 

George H. Doran Co. Price $1.00. 
A short story of three robbers in the California 
desert. An adventure brings them into close touch 
with motherhood, the wonder and glory of which makes 
a deep impression upon their lives. Wonderful deter- 
mination, courage, and self-sacrifice are shown by these 
robbers, who endure harrowing experiences for the 
sake of a little child they agree to protect. 

9. MEN OF IRON. Howard Pyle, Harper & Bro. 

Price $2.00. 

This book tells of a youth who trained for knight- 
hood. It is unusually well written and is full of ad- 

K 



130 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

venture. Men of Iron will be enjoyed especially by 
younger boys. 

10. A CERTAIN RICH MAN. William Allen White, 

Grosset & Dunlap. Price 50 cents. 
This is a more serious novel dealing with problems 
of business and economics in the United States. It 
tells of vigorous men, some of whom are cruel, selfish, 
and unprincipled, and of others who place honor and 
the welfare of the state above private gain. 

Virility in Verse 

11. POEMS OF ACTION. Edited by David R. Porter, 

Association Press. Price 75 cents. 
These poems include Edwin Markham's "Lincoln, 
the Man of the People," Robert Browning's "Incident 
of the French Camp," Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "A 
Man Must Live," and Edward Rowland Sill's "Oppor- 
tunity," and many others poem of vigor, courage, and 
action. 

Virility in Real Life 

12. THE MAKING OF AN AMERICAN. Jacob A. Riis, 

Grosset & Dunlap. Price 50 cents. 
The interesting experiences of Jacob Riis, his life 
in Denmark, his arrival in New York, and his work as 
a newspaper reporter. He has been called New York's 
most useful citizen. This story of his life is an inspira- 
tion. 



SELECTED BOOKS 131 

13. FROM THE BOTTOM UP. Alexander Irvine, 

Doubleday, Page & Co. Price $1.50. 
Alexander Irvine tells in this book of his difficulties 
in striving for social justice. He is an interesting, 
vigorous character, and this story of his life may be 
read with profit by older boys who are able to think 
for themselves in facing social problems. 

14. THE BEAST. Ben B. Lindsey and Harvey J. 

O'Higgins, Doubleday, Page & Co. Price $1.50 

net. 

The story of Judge Lindsey's fight against political 
corruption in Colorado. Though political parties, news- 
papers, and big business interests attack him, he " wins 
out" because there is nothing in^his life to incriminate 
him. There are many inspiring incidents related. 

15. ONE WAY OUT. William Carleton, Small, May- 

nard & Co. Price $1.20 net. 

A man who has been a small cogwheel in a big 
business machine finds himself without a job in a 
large city, unable to do anything except "office work." 
How he meets this dilemma and makes a real place 
for himself in the world forms an interesting and profit- 
able story for the youth considering his life work. 

16. UP FROM SLAVERY. Booker T. Washington, 

Doubleday, Page & Co. Price 50 cents. 
The life story of a man to whom presidents, states- 
men, and many others in public life have paid tribute. 



132 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

It is well told and is considered to be one of the best 
books published during recent years. 

17. ADRIFT ON AN ICE-PAN. Wilfred S. Grenfell, 

with biographical sketch by Clarence John Blake, 
Houghton Mifflin Co. Price 25 cents. 
Dr. Grenfell is a vigorous, red-blooded physician 
whose heroic service has made him much beloved by 
the people of Labrador. A brief sketch of his life is 
given. Following this is a vivid account of Dr. Gren- 
fell's experience on an ice-pan with his eskimo dogs. 

18. TOLD BY THE CAMPFIRE. F. H. Cheley, Associa- 

tion Press. Price 75 cents. 

Interesting stories of real boys, who are full of vigor 
and the joy of living. The scenes are laid in the out- 
of-doors of the Colorado Rockies. This will be 
especially enjoyed by younger boys. 

Choosing a Vocation 

(The lines of work pursued by the men above re- 
ferred to will be suggestive to those choosing a voca- 
tion. The following books are of particular value.) 

19. THE YOUNG FOLKS LIBRARY OF VOCATIONS. 

President William De Witt Hyde, Editor-in- 
chief, Hall and Locke Co., Boston. Ten volumes. 
Price $16.25. 

These books contain valuable material regarding 
every sort of vocation. These are grouped into ten 



SELECTED BOOKS 133 

volumes of the following titles: The Mechanic Arts, 
Homemaking, Farm and Forest, Business, The Profes- 
sions, Public Service, Education, Literature, Music and 
Public Entertainment, The Fine Arts. While they are 
too expensive for most boys to purchase, libraries should 
provide them, so they may be accessible to all youths. 

20. PUBLICATIONS OF THE VOCATION BUREAU. 

This bureau publishes a series of pamphlets on "The 
Architect," "Banking," "The Profession of Law," 
and other vocations for 10 to 50 cents each. A full 
list may be had by addressing The Vocation Bureau, 
5 Beacon Street, Boston. 

21. SALARIED POSITIONS FOR MEN IN SOCIAL WORK. 

Published by the Student Department, Inter- 
national Committee, Young Men's Christian 
Association. Price 15 cents. 

The booklet outlines twenty-one lines of social work, 
including Public Health and Sanitation, Juvenile Pro- 
bation, Public Research Work, Housing, Child Labor, 
and many other lines. It describes the work in each 
field and tells of opportunities for advancement and 
larger service. 



22. ENGAGEMENT AND MARRIAGE. Orrin G. Cocks, 

Association Press. Price 25 cents. 
This little book will not be of much interest to youths, 
but is mentioned here as a book to which they may 



134 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

turn later for sound advice regarding marriage. It 
discusses in clear concise style such questions as the 
age of marriage, what it costs, relationship of engaged 
couples, care of wife before childbirth, and living with 
relatives. 



NOTES 

Cf. Dudley A. Sargent, A.M., M.D., S.D.: Physical 
Education, Ginn & Co., p. 297. 

2 Cf. Luther H. Gulick, M.D. : The Efficient Life, Double- 
day, Page & Co., p. 181. 

3 See McClure's Magazine, May, 1914 ; the American Mag- 
azine, June, 1914 ; and Association Men (124 East 28th St., 
New York), June, 1914. 

4 Robert E. Speer : Young Men Who Overcame, Fleming 
H. Revell Co., pp. 81-94. 

5 Speer : Young Men Who Overcame, pp. 20-30. 

6 See article by Dr. Charles W. Eliot in Ladies' Home 
Journal, April, 1914. 

7 Ida M. Tarbell : The Early Life of Abraham Lincoln, 
S. S. McClure, Ltd. 

8 The Uttermost South. The Undying Story of Captain 
Scott, from his diaries ; Everybody's Magazine, July to Octo- 
ber, 1913. 

9 Cf. Sargent: Physical Education, pp. 136-139. 

10 Cf. Sargent : Physical Education, p. 296. 

11 Louis J. Cooke, M.D. : Manual of Personal Hygiene, 
H. W. Wilson Co., Minneapolis, p. 32. 

u Sargent : Physical Education, p. 139. 

13 Report of Dr. Robert Bartholow on "The Various In- 
fluences Affecting the Physical Endurance, the Power of 
Resisting Disease, etc., of the Men Composing the Volunteer 
Armies of the United States." 

14 Cf . Samuel Hopkins Adams : The Health Master, 
Houghton Mifflin Co., p. 52. 

15 Leonard P. Ayres, Ph.D. : Open Air Schools, Double- 
day, Page & Co. 

16 The Survey : December 6, 1913, pp. 232-233. 

135 



136 KEEPING IN CONDITION 

17 Josephine Goldmark : Fatigue and Efficiency, Charities 
Publication Committee, Part II, p. 193. 

18 Cf . Gulick : The Efficient Life, pp. 4 and 10. 

19 William Blaikie : How to Get Strong and How to Stay 
So, Revised Edition 1902, Harper & Bro., p. 53. 

20 From Letters from the C. & B. Transportation Co., 
Cleveland, Ohio, and the White Star Line, Detroit, Mich. 

21 Frances Gulick Jewett : The Next Generation, Ginn & 
Co., pp. 136-144. 

22 Cf. Winfield Scott Hall : From Youth into Manhood, 
The Association Press, New York, pp. 56-58. 

23 Irving Fisher : National Vitality, Its Wastes and Con- 
servation; Senate Document No. 419, 61st Congress, 2d 
Session, p. 656. 

24 Adams : The Health Master, pp. 258-265. 

25 Professor William L. Hooper, Acting President of 
Tufts College, Massachusetts : an article on Colds, The 
Journal of Outdoor Life, March, 1914. 

26 Cf. Hall : From Youth into Manhood, p. 91. 

27 Irving Fisher : Memorial Relating to the Conservation 
of Human Life ; Senate Document No. 493, 62d Congress, 
2d Session, p. 9. 

28 Prince A. Morrow, M.D. : Social Diseases and Mar- 
riage, Messrs. Lea Brothers & Co., pp. 21, 22 and 26, 27. 

29 Cf . Hall : Reproduction and Sexual Hygiene, Four- 
teenth Edition, Wynnewood Publishing Co., pp. 48-65. 

30 Max J. Exner, M.D. : The Rational Sex Life for Men, 
The Association Press, p. 77. 

31 Jewett : The Next Generation, p. 4. See also R. L. 
Dugdale : The Jukes, Seventh Edition, G. P. Putnam. 

32 Jewett : The Next Generation, p. 3. See also A. E. 
Winship : Jukes-Edwards, A Study in Education and 
Heredity, R. L. Myers & Co., Harrisburg, Pa. 

33 Adapted from diagrams in Galloway's The Biology of 
Sex, D. C. Heath & Co., New York. 



NOTES 137 

34 Cf . Nellie M. Smith, A.M. : The Three Gifts of Life, 
Dodd, Mead & Co. 

35 Jewett : The Next Generation, Ginn & Co., pp. 72, 73. 

36 Charles E. Stockhard : The Effect on the Offspring of In- 
toxicating the Male Parent and the Transmission of the De- 
fects to Subsequent Generations, The American Naturalist, 
Vol. 47, No. 563, pp. 641-682. 

37 Journal of the American Medical Association, April 3, 
1915, p. 1141. 

38 David Starr Jordan : The Strength of being Morally 
Clean, H. M. Caldwell Co., Boston. 

39 M. J. Exner, M.D. : The Physician's Answer, Associa- 
tion Press. 

40 See the Publications of the National Child Labor Com- 
mittee, 105 East 22d St., New York. 

41 John Spargo : The Bitter Cry of Children. 

42 Revised to date from reports in "The Children in the 
Shadow," by Ernest K. Coulter, McBride, Nast & Co., New 
York. 

43 Walter Rauschenbusch : Christianity and the Social 
Crisis, The Macmillan Co., pp. 238-239. 

44 Rauschenbusch : Christianity and the Social Crisis, p. 
351. 

48 Sargent: Physical Education, p. 11. 

46 Harvey L. Smith : The Christian Race, Association Press. 

47 The Outlook, 287 Fourth Ave., New York, December 6, 
1913. 

48 See Jacob A. Riis : The Making of an American, The 
Macmillan Co. 

49 Caleb Williams Saleeby : Parenthood and Race Culture, 
Moffat, Yard & Co., p. 1. 

60 Rauschenbusch : Christianity and the Social Crisis, p. 
285. 

81 Charles Kingsley : The Roman and the Teuton, Mac- 
millan & Co., London, p. 46. 



Printed in the United States of America. 



E following pages contain advertisements of 
books on kindred subjefts. 



OF KINDRED INTEREST 

The Care of the Body 

BY R. S. WOODWORTH 

Professor in Columbia University 

Cloth, izmo, $1.50 

Intended quite as much for the person who regards 
himself as absolutely healthy as for the invalid or the one 
who is just a little ailing, is this practical consideration of 
the human body, which might be further described as a 
treatise on the science of the care of the body. The vol- 
ume presents the leading facts about the care and building 
of the body in a way that will sufficiently interest and im- 
press the reader and induce him to form those daily habits 
most likely to insure health and usefulness. 

The blood, the circulation, breathing, food, digestion, 
wastes and their removal, diet, bodily heat, the work of the 
body, the ear, the eye, nerve and brain, work, rest and 
recreation, indulgences, the cycle of life and disease are 
among the different topics which the author takes up. 
The author believes that the reading and discussion of 
these facts will thoroughly familiarize the reader with the 
use of food, air, and water in the development and main- 
tenance of the body. It will also impress the fact that 
health and strength are not due to good luck, but to the 
wise use of these common things. 



THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

Publishers 64-66 Fifth Avenue New York 



OF KINDRED INTEREST 

The Wonderful House that Jack Has 

A Supplementary Reader in Physiology and Hygiene for Use 
in School and Home 

BY COLUMBUS N. MILLARD 

Supervisor of Grammar Grades, Buffalo Public Schools 

Decorated cloth, I2mo, $.50 

This book is intended for supplementary reading in a 
most important field ; physiology and hygiene. Its pur- 
pose is not to teach facts or names, but to influence the 
early formation of good health habits. Few technical 
terms or physiological phenomena are mentioned unless 
they are essential to an understanding of the proper 
building and care of the body. Topics like the nervous 
system are treated briefly, while such subjects as food, 
air, water, are given ample emphasis. The book is writ- 
ten in an easy conversational style, with occasional per- 
tinent incidents and interesting references to well-known 
men. 

The Building and Care of the Body 

BY COLUMBUS N. MILLARD 

Cloth, i2mo, illustrated, $.40 

This text-book in physiology and hygiene for inter- 
mediate grades aims throughout to lead children to form 
habits that will result in the development and the pres- 
ervation of strong, healthy bodies. The fact that bodily 
weakness is attended by discomfort and handicap, and 
that vigorous health results in improved appearance, more 
enjoyment, higher efficiency, and greater usefulness, is 
strongly emphasized. That each individual child is largely 
responsible for the health and efficiency he will enjoy in 
manhood, is also forcefully presented. 



THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

Publishers 64-66 Fifth Avenue New York 



The Healthy Baby 



THE CARE AND FEEDING 
OF INFANTS 



BY ROGER H. DENNETT, M.D. 

Instructor in Diseases of Children in the New York Post-Graduate Medical 

School; Assistant Attending Physician to the Babies' Wards in the 

New York Post-Graduate Hospital; Chief of Clinic in the 

Post-Graduate Dispensary for Children; Fellow of 

the New York Academy of Medicine 

Cloth, izmo, $1.00 

This work makes clear to the mother just how to do best the ordinary, 
everyday things that every mother has to do for her child. The author 
believes that there is a definite need for a book which will describe in the 
minutest detail the daily care of the baby. The description or treatment of 
any but the simplest ailments has purposely been left out, because a book of 
this sort which attempts in any way to describe disease does more harm than 
it does good. A well-trained physician or a specialist in children's diseases 
finds it difficult enough at times to diagnose the different affections, and it 
only confuses the mother or nurse to describe the different diseases to her. 

The chapter on feefling has purposely been cut down, and all complicated 
formulas omitted. Probably more harm has been done than can possibly be 
estimated, by giving to mothers sets of complicated formulas which she tries 
to use herself. In this way the baby's digestion is often ruined. The 
author here describes the simplest kinds of milk, water, and sugar mixtures, 
and if these do not agree with the baby, he recommends seeking the 
physician's help. There is no one but can be interested in the numerous 
and valuable suggestions which the book offers; parents and teachers alike 
will find in it a wealth of suggestive matter. 

Dr. Dennett is a well-known physician in New York City and is also a 
writer of reputation, his page in the Woman's Home Companion called THE 
HEALTHY BABY having made him the friend of mothers throughout the land. 
What he has to say, therefore, on such subjects as appetite, clothing, the 
bath, teeth, milk, the mixing and care of the food, and food for traveling is 
certain to secure wide attention. His book is divided into six parts, consid- 
ering, respectively, Development and the Bodily Functions, Hygiene and 
Treatment, Common Ailments, Care of the Special Organs, Feeding and 
Diet, and Lists. 

"A useful book to young mothers, young fathers, and older people of all 
ages." St. Louis Globe-Democrat. 



THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

Publishers 64-66 Fifth Avenue New YorK 



The Study of Children 
and Their School Training 

BY FRANCIS WARNER, M.D. 

Cloth, izmo, $1.00 



ga 
Pa 



A practical book. The conclusions are based on FACTS, not theories, 
ined by Dr. Warner from the examinations of 100,000 school children. 
arents and teachers are shown ivhat observations to make and how to make 
them. Suggestions for overcoming many puzzling difficulties are given. No 
more valuable book for those interested in the study of children has been 
published. 

"This is a volume singularly clear and exact in its expression and defi- 
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teachers and parents in doing the best that can be done with children in 
various phases in life." Journal of Pedagogy. 

"I am greatly pleased with the book, and I believe it will be of marked 
benefit to teachers in all grades of educational work. I trust it may find 
its way into the hands of a great many teachers and parents, for I feel it 
is of genuine merit, combining scientific and practical qualities in a happy 
manner." Prof. M. B. O'SHEA, University of Wisconsin. 

"I regard this volume as one of the very best contributions yet made on 
the subject of Child Study." J. M. GREENWOOD, Supt. of City Schools, 
Kansas City, Mo. 

"This book seems to us an extremely suggestive and important one for 
teachers and parents; and being simply written, and free from technicalities, 
it may be understood and applied with ease by any reader." The Dial. 

"The physical side of child development which has been frequently 
ignored is here presented in a very forcible and practical manner. The 
book will be most valuable to Kindergartners, and to all mothers and teach- 
ers and students, who are interested in Child Study." Miss HILDA JOHN- 
SON, President of Kindergarten Union, New York City. 

"The Study of Children is a most valuable book that should have a very 
large circulation. Parents will find it most helpful, for it contains a mass 
of the most valuable material dealing with the health and training of chil- 
dren. It is an original, strong, and thoroughly satisfactory work." Boston 
Saturday Evening Gazette. 

"There is no better statement than is here given of the way to study a 
child. Dr. Warner tells what to look for and what to look at." Journal of 
Education. 

"The book is indispensable to the teacher's library, and is full of in- 
formation for those who are engaged in directing education, philanthropy, 
social settlement work, as well as any student of mental development." 
Child Study Monthly. 

" 'The Study of Children and their School Training* is one of the most 
valuable contributions yet made to the literature of scientific education. 
It contains information of interest to all who are intelligently awake to 
the progress of educational movement and other forms of social work con- 
nected with mental science." Philadelphia Evening Telegraph. 



THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

Publishers 64-66 Fifth Avenue New YorK 



BOOKS BY NATHAN OPPENHEIM 

A.B. (Harv.), M.D. (Coll. P. & S., N.Y.) 

Attending Physician to the Children's Department of Mt. Sinai Hospital 
Dispensary. 

The Development of the Child 

Cloth, I2mo, $1.25 

" 'The Development of the Child,' by Nathan Oppenheim, is a 
most valuable contribution to a subject of universal importance 
and interest. The book is written from full knowledge, and it is 
practical ; it should be studied by every parent, and if its wise 
counsels were followed the child would be the happier and the 
better for it. Dr. Oppenheim gives the best and the soundest of 
advice, he is always scientific, even when he is opposing some of 
the cherished isms of our day, and his book stands in the very 
front rank as a lucid, well-reasoned, and trustworthy guide on the 
development of the child." Boston Saturday Evening Gazette. 

The Care of the Child in Health 

Cloth, ismo, $1.25 

" Ought to be read and heeded by every parent." 

Home Journal. 

" The best and soundest of advice from the standpoint of an 
experienced, scientific physician." Baltimore Sun. 

"A more useful book, coming from one authorized to speak, 
can hardly be imagined." Chicago Tribune. 

" No parents, certainly no mother, should be without this 
treatise." The Outlook. 

Mental Growth and Control 

Cloth, i2mo, $1.00 

An inspiring and practical little treatise on that fundamental 
problem which all young men and women must consider how 
the mind's latent powers shall be nourished and developed as 
best to realize its highest possibilities. 



THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

Publishers 64-66 Fifth Avenue New York 



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SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 

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